Storage substances of legumes are characterized by giving their chemical composition and biological properties. Except starch, protein and fat characteristics, special attention has been paid to storage non-nutrients of seeds such as: phytins and oligosaccharides while indicating their positive and negative effects. Species of popular seed crop have been taken into account (pea, bean, faba bean) as well as those worth spreading (lentil and everlasting pea) in Poland.
Crude tannins were extracted from pea seed coat using water, 70% aqueous methanol and 70% aqueous acetone. The dried acetone extract contained the highest amounts of polyphenols (640 mg/g) compared with water extract and methanol extract. Acetone extract exhibited also strong antioxidant activity in a chemical system while using the phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposome as an experimental model. Subsequently the effects of dietary acetone extract on the lipid indices and lipid peroxidation products in growing rats fed free-cholesterol standard diet (S) or diets enriched with 1% cholesterol (C) were determined. All animals were divided into 3 groups (10 rats each) and were fed for 4 weeks with experimental diets: group (Gr) 1 -standard diet (S), Gr 2-with 1% C (S + 1%C), and Gr 3 - S + 1% C+0.5% acetone extract (E). Dietary E significantly decreased plasma total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) but did not change the high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in rats fed diets enriched with cholesterol. Plasma TC were 112.9,144.6,113.5 mg/100mL, whereas LDL-C 32.9, 74.0, 47.6 mg/100 mL in groups 1-3, respectively. Acetone extract (0.5%) with C (S + 1% C+0.5% E) caused significant TC accumulation in the liver and elevated malondialdehyde concentrations in plasma. This study demonstrates that acetone extract from seed coat of pea possesses strong hypocholesterolemic action. Its antioxidative properties in biological system, especially in animals loaded with dietary cholesterol, are less clear and need further studies.
Z nasion czerwonej fasoli stosując 80% aceton uzyskano ekstrakt związków fenolowych. Za pomocą chromatografii kolumnowej wydzielono z niego frakcją związków fenolowych niskocząsteczkowych (I) i tanin (II). Całkowita aktywność przeciwutleniająca ekstraktu i jego frakcji 1,49; 0,88 i 3,93 µmol Trolox/mg. Ekstrakt i frakcja taninowa wykazywały zdolność redukcyjną wyższą od frakcji I. Zawartość wybranych związków fenolowych oznaczono za pomocą metody HPLC.
Dzięki postępowi wiedzy z zakresu wielu dziedzin nauki, dziś mamy pewność, że żywność obok podstawowych funkcji jakimi są zaspakajanie zapotrzebowania organizmu w niezbędne do życia składniki oraz dostarczanie psychicznej satysfakcji wynikającej z jej spożywania, pełni ważną funkcję trzecią a mianowicie obniża ryzyko zachorowania na szereg chorób cywilizacyjnych, jakimi są między innymi nowotwory i miażdżyca. Tą trzecią ważną funkcję żywności kształtują obecne w niej składniki odżywcze oraz związki zaliczane do grupy naturalnych substancji nieodżywczych (NSN). Żywność pochodzenia roślinnego zawiera wiele związków NSN. Do nich należą między innymi: związki fenolowe, powszechnie występujące w warzywach i owocach, glukozinolany, obecne w warzywach krzyżowych; fosforany inozytolu, w które zasobne są nasiona roślin strączkowych, oleistych i zboża oraz oligosacharydy, występujące głównie w nasionach roślin strączkowych. Związkom tym przypisuje się wiele korzystnych funkcji fizjologicznych, które związane są przede wszystkim z ich właściwościami przeciwutleniającymi.
Na-phosphatc buťťcr extracts from seed coat of faba bean, horse bean, lentil and pea showed superoxide radical anion scavenging effect in the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. The potential hierarchy for scavenging superoxide radicals in investigated seed coats extracts appears to be as follows: lentil>faba bean>pea>horse bean. Superoxide scavenging activity of extracts showed statistically insignificant correlation with the total antioxidative activity (r = 0.64; p≤0.05). Extracted and partly purified (with the use of Sephadex G-75) seed coat proteins of pea revealed the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Electrophoretic separation of protein fractions showing antioxidative activity conducted in denaturating conditions (SDS-PAGE) showed the presence of proteins of molecular weights lower than 66 kDa, whereas the predominant proteins in both active fractions were those of high molecular weights (approx. 600 kDa) as it was found by gel filtration chromatography in FPLC system. In these two active fractions phenolic compounds were detected, so it can be supposed that they can interact with protein and occur as protein-phenolic compound complexes of high molecular weight.
Extracts of polyphenols were obtained from black chokeberry, green tea, and walnut using acetone-water and ethanol-water system (8:2, v/v). The extracts were subjected to sensory evaluation using the method of sensory scaling and quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA). In sensory scaling a trained panel rated the samples for astringency which was expressed as Sensation of Astringency Coefficients (SAC). The QDA was applied for quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the extracts. To determine the content of tannins three spectrophotometric methods were used (n- butanol- HCl hydrolysis, BSA precipitation assay and PVP binding assay). The results proved that both the source of tannins and the type of solvent used for extraction had significant effects on the astringency and sensory profiles of the extracts. The analysis of multiple regression demonstrated that astringency of the extracts examined was affected to the greatest extent by tannins determined with the method of their binding on polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) sorbent.
Fityniany są związkami interesującymi żywieniowców ze względu na ich integrację w gospodarkę pierwiastkami metalicznymi u ludzi i zwierząt. Wyjaśnienie zdolności tych związków do wiązania makro i mikropierwiastków oraz białka i innych związków pozwoli na wybór takich procesów technologicznych w przerobie surowców pochodzenia roślinnego, które umożliwią właściwe ich wykorzystanie.
The objective of the study was to compare parallel immunoreactive properties and sensory characteristics of lentil (Lens culinaris) and mung bean (Vigma radiata L.) sprouts. The seeds were germinated with and without light at 20°C up to 3 days. The changes in immunoreactivity of the sprouts were determined by competitive ELISA method using rabbit polyclonal antisera to lentil and mung bean proteins. The sensory quality of samples was evaluated by quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA). In QDA a trained panel (n=9) rated the sprouts for odour, taste and texture. The results indicated that the effects of germination on the immunoreactive properties of sprouts with cotyledons depended on the type of legumes. The presence or absence of light during the germination process did not affect the results achieved. The removal of the cotyledons almost completely reduced immunoreactivity of samples (97% for lentil and 99% for mung bean). The effects of germination on the sensory profile of sprouts were found to depend on the type of legumes but as far as the sprouts of mung bean are concerned also on the processing conditions. The QDA demonstrated significant differences between the sprouts for the following attributes: bitterness (p<0.001), “pea-pod” taste (p<0.01), flourness (p<0.001) and juiciness (p<0.01).
Extracts obtained from seeds of hazelnut, walnut, almonds, vetch, buckwheat and buckwheat grits were examined for their sensory astringency, contents of polyphenolic compounds and total antioxidant activity. The sensory astringency of this material was evaluated using the method of sensory scaling and expressed as Sensation of Astringency Indices (SAI). The contents of polyphenolic compounds and their total antioxidant activity were determined by spectrophotometric methods. The HPLC analysis was performed for phenolic acids evaluated in the extracts. The statistical analysis of the results indicated a statistically significant correlation between SAI and tannins, assayed by protein precipitation capacity, as well as SAI and total antioxidant activity. The HPLC analysis of the extracts demonstrated the presence of phenolic acids such as coffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic and sinapic.
Z nasion fasoli adzuki, gryki, kaszy gryczanej orzechów włoskich i laskowych oraz migdałów otrzymano ekstrakty związków fenolowych stosując 80% aceton. Zawartość fenoli ogółem i tanin w ekstraktach oznaczono metodami kolorymetrycznymi. Ekstrakty wykazywały zróżnicowaną aktywność przeciwutleniającą i antyrodnikową oraz różną zdolność do chelatowania Fe(II).
The content of phenolic compounds in seed coat of legume seeds and antioxidative properties of the seed-coat extracts and their Sephadex LH-20 fractions are reported. The content of phenolic compounds in seed coat varied from 0.83 to 53.14mg/g. Colour seed coats of faba bean, broad bean, pea and lentil seeds were the richest in phenolic compounds, in which flavanols made from 55.0 to 78.3% of the total phenolics. Acetone extracts of these seed coats had strong antioxidative activity, exceeding that of synthetic antioxidant BHT. The antioxidative properties of the extract fractions differed, being dependent on their content of phenolics. The highest activity showed the fractions which contained the greatest amount of phenolic compounds.
The objective of the study was to compare the sensory characteristics of pork and chicken steaks obtained on three different types of grills. Grills such as charcoal (A), gas (B) and electric (C) were used in the study. After grilling (final internal temperature 72℃) the steaks were subjected to sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) and hedonic tests In QDA a trained panel (n = 12) rated the steaks for odour, taste and texture. In the affective tests the panelists evaluated the samples for overall quality. The results proved that both the grill type and the meat type had significant effects on the sensory quality of the steaks. Gas grilled pork and chicken steaks obtained the highest scores of overall quality (6.1 units and 6.6 units respectively). However, pork steak prepared on electric grill and chicken steak obtained from charcoal grill indicated the least palatable effect (5.0 units and 4.7 units respectively). The QDA found significant differences (p < 0.05) between the steaks grilled for the following attributes: darkness, “fatty” odour and taste, “herbal/spicy” odour and taste, “smoky” odour, bitter taste and juiciness. The principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the first (PC1) and the second (PC2) component together explained 87.56% of the variation of sensory quality of samples.
A research was undertaken to determine the effect of the concentration of pea hulls (a by-product of the industrial dehulling of pea seeds) and parameters of extrusion-cooking process on the chemical composition of extrudates obtained with the use of a twin-screw extrusion-cooker (extruder). It was shown that the concentration of pea hulls in extrudates can reach up to 80%. The extrusion-cooking process resulted in a decrease in the contents of lipid, protein, dietary fibre (TDF) and its insoluble fraction (IDF) as well as caused an increase in the content of the soluble fraction of fiber (SDF). These changes depended on the composition of the mixture subjected to the extrusion-cooking process and on the following process parameters: temperature and moisture content of raw material