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Ocenę wartości odżywczej białka przeprowadzono na rosnących szczurach (samce) szczepu Wistar metodą wydajności wzrostowej białka (PER). Współczynniki strawności pozornej (AD) i rzeczywistej (TD) białka, wartości biologicznej białka (BV) określono metodą bilansu azotowego w pierwszym tygodniu 4-tygodniowego doświadczenia wzrostowego. Współczynnik wykorzystania białka netto (NPU) wyliczono na podstawie wartości współczynników TD i BV. Zwierzęta żywiono dietami o następującym składzie: białko - 13,2% (Nx6,38), tłuszcz (olej sojowy) - 8%, mieszanina witamin (AOAC 1975) - 1%, składniki mineralne (NRC USA 1978) - 4%, cukier - 10%, skrobia ziemniaczana - 5%, skrobia kukurydziana jako komponent uzupełniający. Sporządzono 4 diety: dieta I (Dl) - kontrolna bez dodatku kakao, pozostałe trzy zawierały dodatek kakao odpowiednio na poziomie: 3% (D2), 5% (D3), 8% (D4). Dodatek kakao do diet doświadczalnych nie wpływał istotnie na wartość odżywczą ich białka, wyrażoną współczynnikami uzyskanymi w doświadczeniu wzrostowym. Spożycie przez szczury diet zawierających kakao istotnie obniżało strawność pozorną białka oraz nie wywierało negatywnego wpływu na wartości pozostałych bilansowych wskaźników charakteryzujących wykorzystanie białka w organizmie zwierząt.
W doświadczeniu bilansowym z wykorzystaniem szczurów określono biodostępność wapnia i fosforu z diet zawierających permeat poultrafiltracyjny oraz serwatkę kwasowo-podpuszczkową. Stwierdzono jednakowe wartości współczynników absorpcji i retencji pozornej wapnia w organizmie szczurów żywionych dietami zawierającymi badane produkty uboczne. Biodostępność fosforu z diety zawierającej permeat kwasowy była istotnie niższa od uzyskanej dla badanej serwatki kwasowo-podpuszczkowej.
This work reports the effects of diets with ripening cheese Jeziorański or Tilsit- type on the weight of particular body organs, values of haematological indices and the content of some minerals in the liver and blood plasma in growing Wistar rats. The cheeses were salted in 20% solution of sodium chloride and sodium chloride/potassium chloride mixture (1:1 w/w) for 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the standard salting time. The correlation was found between the diet and weights of liver and kidneys but not between the diet and the weights of heart and spleen. The haematopoietic system of rats was not found to be influenced by cheese diets. The haematological indices were within the physiological norms. The concentrations of sodium and potassium in the liver of rats were significantly (P=0.05) dependent on the diet. The concentrations of sodium and calcium in the blood plasma of rats fed cheese diets were within the range of values assumed regular. The diets with the cheeses being salted in the sodium chloride/potassium chloride mixture increased significantly the concentration of potassium in the blood plasma of rats.
W pracy przedstawiono dane o zawartości wapnia w organizmie człowieka, formach jego występowania, wpływie na występowanie homeostazy jonowej. Omówiono mechanizm wchłaniania wapnia oraz wpływ różnych czynników, ułatwiających bądź hamujących jego absorpcję ze światła przewodu pokarmowego. Podano aktualną definicję osteoporozy oraz omówiono główne kierunki postępowania w profilaktyce i leczeniu tej choroby.
Products containing pro- and prebiotics are known as synbiotics. The benefits of pro- and prebiotics on the host include: normalization of the microbial balance in the gastrointestinal tract, increase of mineral bioavailability, reduction of cholesterol level in blood and prevention of gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of the work was to compare the apparent absorption and retention indexes in rats fed diets containing probiotic or synbiotic soft cheeses. As a probiotic, the strain Lactobacillus plantarum 14 was used, whereas as prebiotics inulin HPX and maltodextrin were used. For 10 days, the animals were fed diets consisting of 61-81% of soft cheese with probiotic (A diet), probiotic and 2,5% of inulin HPX (B diet) and probiotic and 2.5% of maltodextrin (C diet). On the basis of the magnesium concentration in the diets and the urine and faeces excreted during the last 5 days of the experiment, the apparent absorption (A) and retention (R) indexes (%, mg 5 days-1) were calculated. The apparent absorption indexes obtained did not differ statistically among the groups, although the highest value of apparent absorption (A%) was obtained in group B. The apparent retention indexes in group A were significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to groups B and C. On the other hand, in B and C groups increased faecal mass was detected, but the inulin influence was stronger than that of maltodextrin. Although the short-term supplementation of rat diets with inulin HPX and maltodextrin did not increase magnesium absorption and retention, their use in probiotic products is reasonable because of the beneficial physiological effects.
The intake of food products containing prebiotics has a beneficial effect on the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and may also contribute to increased mineral absorption from a diet. In the food industry prebiotics (inulins and maltodextrins) are also used because of their functional properties such as stabilizing emulsions. A study was undertaken to investigate the effect of inulin HPX and maltodextrin, applied in the production of white soft cheese as stabilizers, at a dose of 2.5%, on the bioavailability of calcium and phosphorus in rats. In the study, Wistar rats (n = 6 per group) were fed diets composed of cheese without prebiotic (control) or cheeses containing either 2.5% of inulin or maltodextrin, for 10 days. The bioavailability of the minerals was expressed by means of apparent absorption (A) and retention (R) coefficients (mg/5 days,%). The apparent Ca absorption and retention (mg/5 days) were the highest in the control group (p <0.05), whereas the A (%) and R (%) coefficients did not differ significantly between the groups. Also, the apparent absorption of P (mg/5 days) was the highest (p<0.05) in the control group and no differences in A (%), R (mg/5 days), R (%) coefficients were noted among the groups. Inulin HPX and maltodextrin used in white cheese production do not increase Ca nor P bioavailability, which suggests that the technologically-justified 2.5% dose is too low to exert a positive effect on mineral balance.
The bioavailabilities of potassium, sodium and calcium from two types of cheeses, Jeziorański and Tilsit, salted in a 20% NaCl solution or NaCl/KCl, 1:1, solution for a standard salting time (SST) or 25% of SST, were studied. The bioavailability was determined by the classical balance method based on the element intake and its excretion with faeces and urine using growing Wistar rats. The ability to assimilate the mineral elements was expressed by apparent absorption (A) and retention (R) coefficients. The type of brine did not affect significantly the intakes of sodium (25% SST) and calcium (100% SST) by rats fed the cheeses. The intake of potassium from both types of cheeses was significantly dependent on the type of brine. The salting time of Jeziorański cheese significantly influenced the intakes of sodium, potassium and calcium independent of the type of brine. The type of brine and time of salting significantly affected the apparent absorption and retention of minerals for the diets selected for statistical analysis.
The estimation of chemical composition and nutritive value of protein of lamb meat from the quadriceps muscle of the thingh (m. quadriceps femoris) was carried out in this studies. Meat proceeded from single ram lambs of Pomeranian breed (P), ile de france breed (IF) and their cross-breeds F1 (PIF), at the age of 50 days, eight heads from each group. Dry matter (W), total protein (B), total fat and ash were determined in the samples of meat. The ratio W/B was calculated based on the content of water (W) and protein (P). The gross and net energy values were calculated on the basis of protein and fat content, using the values of energy equivalents. Nutritive value of protein was assessed in balance experiment using Wistar rats, fed adequate diets. Coefficients of apparent digestibility (AD) and true digestibility (TD) of protein, biological value of protein (BV) and net protein utilization (NPU) were determined. The obtained results indicate that cross-breeding of Pomeranian breed (P) with rams of ile de france (IF) significantly effected dry matter, total protein content and value of W/B index in meat of their hybrids F1 (PIF). The meat of ile de france lambs and their hybrids with Pomeranian sheep was characterized by higher content of dry matter and protein as well as more beneficial relationship between water and protein as compared to the meat of Pomeranian sheep. The nutritive value of protein from meat of Pomeranian sheep, ile de france and their cross-breeds proved to be high. The protein was characterized by high digestibility and its significant utilization in the organisms of rats, which was indicated by average values of the coefficients of apparent and true digestibility, the biological value of protein and net protein utilization. Meat of the examined lambs, due to its energy value and low fat content as well as high biological value of protein, can be used in dietetic nutrition.
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