This work shows results of a celery root cut to pieces of a cube (10x10x10 mm) drying in a fluidizing bed. The course of water content changes in the celery root cut, depending on the bed height (from 4 cm to 20 cm) and drying air temperatures in range from 40°C to 80°C was tested. The temperature of the drying air has a significant influence upon the velocity of water content change in the bed. The analysis of airflow resistance changes depending on the resting layer height was carried out. The critical airflow velocity during testing for all height’s of the layer was 4.5 ÷ 4.8 m/s.
Obecnie w przemyśle spożywczym poszukuje się innowacyjnych rozwiązań z zakresu monitorowania i kontroli prawidłowości przebiegu procesów produkcyjnych. Nowoczesne techniki powinny charakteryzować się niezawodnością, prostotą obsługi, dokładnością, krótkim czasem detekcji oraz nieinwazyjnością. Wśród tych metod wyróżnić można termowizję, która w sposób bezkontaktowy pozwala na zdalne rejestrowanie rozkładu temperatury na powierzchni badanego obiektu w czasie rzeczywistym. W artykule omówiono podstawy teoretyczne termografii podczerwieni oraz dokonano przeglądu zastosowania techniki termowizyjnej w przemyśle spożywczym.
Article presents the test results on mass and temperature changes of beet particles in the process of convective dehydration, in relation to drying air temperatures. The rate of dehydration of beet cylinders 38 mm diameter and the 5 and 10 mm height, and 5 and 10 mm cubes under various (from 50°C to 70°C) air temperatures was studied. The study has shown that drying time of the cubes in first drying period is three times shorter than that of cylindrical pieces.
Researches on process of drying of cut celery by means of fluidising were a result of seeking for new methods of drying, which allowed achieving dry vegetables of the best quality. At the same time use was made of a theoretical model of drying of cut vegetables in the first period and simplified model in the second period. Verifying those models and setting their area of use researches showed that interior exchange of mass and heat is the most important in the exchange of water in this process. Their dynamics depend on initial drying rate in the first period. New model of fluidised-bed drying was proposed and it was positively verified for cut of celery.
In this work the dynamics of colour changes was examined in apple slices during convectional drying. The drying was carried out at a temperature of 60°C until 10% of moisture content was obtained. During drying, the colour of the tested apples was measured using the L*a*b* system. Three different apple varieties were used for tests (Ligol, Champion and Alwa). Each sample was divided into three parts – the first was dried without preliminary processing, the second was blanched in water at 98°C for 2 min, and the third was blanched in water (98°C, 2 min) with sugar and citric acid added. Based on the results obtained, the rate of changes in all colour parameters during the process was determined. It was concluded that the dynamics of colour changes depends on the variety. The type of preliminary treatment had an influence on the dynamics of colour changes mainly in the case of Ligol variety.
Barwa jest cechą mięsa, która dla konsumenta stanowi jeden z najważniejszych wskaźnikówjego świeżości ijakości. Intensywność i stabilność barwy mięsa jest bardzo zróżnicowana i -wpływa na nią -wiele czynników. Zależy ona od gatunku zwierzęcia, od rodzaju mięśnia, postępowania przyżyciowego i poubojowego. Dla przemysłu mięsnego najważniejszym zadaniem jest zachowanie naturalnej barwy mięsa przez jak najdłuższy czas. Zachętą do zakupu mięsa jestjego jasno czerwona barwa, która tworzy się w wyniku utlenowania mioglobiny. Obecnie poszukuje się możliwości, które pozwalają na zachowanie barwy przez jak najdłuższy czas i sprzyjają ograniczeniu powstawania odbarwień powierzchni mięsa a w rezultacie podniesieniu jego atrakcyjności. Znane są różne systemy pakowania mięsa, w tym pakowanie w atmosferze modyfikowanej oraz pakowanie próżniowe, które to pozwalają zachować -wysoką jakość mięsa. Pakowanie w modyfikowanej atmosferze przy udziale kombinacji odpowiednich gazów (02, C02, N2, CO, argon) może -wzmacniać barwę i -wydłużać czas przechowywania mięsa w handlu detalicznym. Rozwój -wielu bakterii tlenowych jest powstrzymywany przez zastosowanie w opakowaniu C02 w stężeniu 10% i -więcej. Natomiast obecność nawet małych ilości O2 powoduje unieszkodliwienie bakterii anaerobowych. Pakowanie próżniowe -wydaje się być interesującą alternatywą w pakowaniu wieprzowiny; -wynika to z faktu -wzrostu stabilności oksydacyjnej co powoduje -wzrost stabilności barwy mięsa i -wydłużenie czasuprzydatności do spożycia.
Four different beef muscles (PM, SM, LTL, TB) were examined. These muscles were fried or grilled. Each muscle was observed at various internal temperatures: 60°C, 65°C, 70°C, and 75°C. At each temperature level, a measurement of colour was taken using a Minolta Chroma Meter CR-400 in a L*a*b* system. The values of the parameters L*, a*, and b* were measured on a cross-section sample (two areas) after cutting perpendicular to the fibres at the middle of its height. Area I was located at the central part of the steak with a diameter of 2 cm. Area II was located at a distance of 1 cm from the edge of the steak. From the results obtained, the difference in colour values between areas was noted. The results indicated that area I was lighter and redder in comparison to area II. The values of parameters L* and a* recorded in the first area were higher in comparison with the values from the second region, indicating that the sample in the area I was lighter and redder than in the area II at the outside of the sample. There was a large variation in the colour of the two areas. It was observed that for all sampled fried muscles, the highest difference in lightness (ΔL*) between the two test areas was obtained at a heat treatment temperature of T₁= 65°C inside the sample. With grilling the highest value for overall difference in colour between areas was from samples heated to a final temperature of T₁=60 °C.
The aim of this study was to analyse the correlation between basic meat composition (water, protein, fat, and connective tissue contents), pH value, and physical parameters (texture and colour, drip loss) of selected beef muscles. Five different muscles (LTH, SEM, SET, PSM, TRI) from 20 carcasses were examined. Measurements of the basic meat composition were conducted using a near infrared spectrometry method, colour parameters in L*a*b system, and texture parameters. Drip loss correlated strongly negatively with the pH value. Depending on the muscle type, the correlation ranged -0.601≤r≤-0.282, whereas drip loss correlated moderately positively with connective tissue content. The most significant positive correlation (r≈0.67) between hardness, tenderness, and fat content was noted in the SEM. Colour parameters strongly depended on pH values (-0.831≤rL*≤-0.338; - 0.828
The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of heat treatment methods (frying – FR, grilling –GR, roasting – RO 180°C, roasting – RO ΔT) on certain physical properties and the cooking yield of selected muscles of cattle. Used were samples of five muscles from 40 beef carcasses: m. longissimus lumborum (LL), m.semimembranosus (SEM), m. semitendinosus (SET), m. psoas major (PSM) and m. triceps brachii (TRI). Instrumental texture parameter measurements were performed using universal testing machine (Instron 5965) equipped with Warner-Bratzler attachment. Instrumental measurement of colour components was performed using Minolta CR-400 chromameter in the L*a*b* system. Cooking yield of the applied thermal processes was determined by weighting method and by thermal shrinkage measurement using computer image analysis. The greatest tenderness characterized the GR samples, especially of PSM, LL, and TRI muscle. Products roasted with the use of ΔT program occurred significantly (P≤0.001) darker and less red, particularly the LL, SET and TRI muscles. Long-lasting roasting (RO ΔT) resulted in cooking yields comparable (P≥0.05) to RO 180°C and GR. The meat cooking shrinkage (MCSL, MCSd, MCSSA) strongly correlated (r>0.6) with processing losses, with the exception of grilled samples.
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