Badano optymalną ilość dodatku kwasu mlekowego i brzeczki piwnej dla otrzymania napoju winopochodnego charakteryzującego się odpowiednimi cechami smakowo-zapachowymi. Dodatek brzeczki piwnej może pozwolić na obniżenie kosztów produkcji, co jest sprawą niezwykle ważną w przypadku dużej konkurencji na rynku. Szczególnie istotne może być to w latach, w których ceny owoców będą wygórowane lub ich podaż mała. Porównanie cech sensorycznych poszczególnych win z różnym procentowym udziałem brzeczki piwnej pozwoli ustalić ich optymalny skład. W otrzymanych winach oprócz standardowej analizy chromatograficznie zostały oznaczone powstałe estry kwasu mlekowego. Część win sporządzonych z udziałem moszczu jabłkowego poddano miesięcznej maderyzacji w celu sprawdzenia ewentualnych zmian aromatu i smaku win dokwaszonych kwasem mlekowym.
Presence of Clostridium botulinum in fish is a result of the marine environment contamination with this bacteria. From among 152 herrings of Southern Baltic Sea origin in 20 cases intestinal canals of fish were contaminated with Cl. botulinum. Type E was identified in 28 cases while 2 samples were positive for Cl. botulinum type A. Percentage of positive results ranged from 4 to 50 depending of the batch of fish tested. An average perccntage was equal to 19.7 ; for type E - 18.4% and 1.3% for type A.
In natural environment plants are exposed to many different stress factors, including heavy metals, whose elevated concentration causes oxidative stress, connected with formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, plants have developed defence systems, including enzymatic antioxidant system, able to remove ROS. The work concerns the accumulation of two heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), as well as the phenomenon of oxidative stress caused by increased concentration of these metals in common reed (Phragmites australis), a dominant species in the littoral zone of many water reservoirs. The plants were obtained from four water bodies situated in Poznan: Kierskie Lake, Rusałka Lake, Strzeszyńskie Lake and Sołacki Pond. The aim of the study was to examined the accumulation of heavy metals and the relation between activity of antioxidant enzymes in rhizome, stem and reed leaves during the vegetative period. Three antioxidant enzymes were analyzed: ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The statistical analysis was done to determine the influence of the heavy metals on the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, involved in limiting and removing results of oxidative stress. Heavy metals were accumulated in common reed in all the four water reservoirs, but the activity of enzymes was variable during the observation period. Statistical analyses suggest that there are some correlations among concentration of metals and the activity of antioxidative enzymes. However, the results do not provide an unambiguous determination of the effect of heavy metals on enzymatic activity. Summing up, the contamination of the water ecosystems caused by heavy metals was so low that it did not influence the activity of the analysed enzymes.
Effect of growing media on macro- and microelements, as well as on chlorophyll concentration in Phalaenopsis orchids were investigated. In the years 2006–2008, an experiment on Phalaenopsis orchids cultivation was carried out. The plants were planted into New Zealand sphagnum moss, mixture of expanded clay pellets and New Zealand sphagnum moss (v:v = 1:1), or into expanded clay pellets only. Orchids were grown in translucent plastic pots. Total macro and micro elements concentration in leaves and roots were determined. Furthermore concentrations of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in leaves and roots were measured. Growing media exert a significant influence on the nutritional status of Phalaenopsis orchids. The highest concentration of magnesium, iron and copper was found in plants grown in expanded clay, less in orchids grown in the mixed medium and the least in plants grown in sphagnum moss. A higher concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and manganese was found in leaves. Inversely, in roots, there was a higher concentration of magnesium, iron and zinc. Growing media did not affect chlorophyll concentration in leaves and roots of Phalaenopsis.
W patologii zmian miażdżycowych poważną rolą odgrywa niedobór witamin antyoksydacyjnych. Podstawowym źródłem tych witamin powinny być spożywane racje pokarmowe. Celem przeprowadzonych badań było ustalenie na ile całodzienne racje pokarmowe kobiet w wieku podeszłym z chorobą niedokrwienną mięśnia sercowego pokrywają zapotrzebowanie na te witaminy oraz czy wielkość spożycia koreluje z ich surowiczym stężeniem? Stwierdzono niską żywieniową podaż witamin E, C oraz ß-karotenu w racjach pokarmowych chorych, która nie była statystycznie istotnie związana z ich surowiczym stężeniem.
Wśród kobiet w wieku podeszłym z chorobą niedokrwienną serca i/lub towarzyszącym nadciśnieniem oraz cukrzycą przeprowadzono ocenę sposobu żywienia (badanie ankietowe) i stanu odżywienia (pomiary antropometryczne). Stwierdzono nieprawidłowości w sposobie żywienia związane głównie z niskim spożyciem węglowodanów, błonnika i witamin anty oksydacyjnych. Wykazano częste występowanie wśród badanych kobiet nadwagi i otyłości, korelujące dodatnio ze stopniem nasilenia procesów chorobowych.
The aim of the study was to determine the level of air bacteria and fungi in the horse stable and the emission of microorganisms to the external environment during different seasons of the year. The predominating fungi in the stable and outside were also identified. These results demonstrate that both in the stables and outdoors, the number of microorganisms was the highest in the summer. This tendency was especially noticeable in the case of the concentrations of fungi outside the building, when the average value was significantly higher (P<0.01) than in other seasons. No statistically significant differences in the concentrations of airborne microorganisms at different distances from the stable were observed. Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., and yeast predominated inside and outside the stable.
An objective analysis of the horse’s movement is used to evaluate the usefulness of the horse for practical purposes and serves as a prognostic tool for predicting the horse’s sports performance, functional development, and potential pathological conditions. Based on a literature review, this paper presents current biomechanical principles of the translational and rotational movements of the horse’s body parts as the grounds for a kinematic analysis of the horse’s movement. The kinematic analysis involves the evaluation of time-space, linear, and angular parameters (linear and angular kinematic). The symmetric, regular, temporal, and repeatable translocation of the horse’s body parts is ensured by the synchronization of internal forces generated by muscles and gravity, acting by levers of the horse’s skeleton, which cause rotational movements around the centers of joint rotation. The principle of a torque equilibrium has become the basis for establishing the physiological normal values in movement evaluation methods. The article presents all currently known methods of kinematic evaluation of the horse’s movement along with their critical interpretation. The authors describe their own assumptions for the construction of behavioral screening equipment for the analysis of the horse’s movement and vital activity measurements.
Soil contamination caused by the NaCl used to de-ice slippery roads in winter is now recognized as one of the major causes of nutrient disorders and death in urban trees. It is believed that polyisoprenoids may have a specific role in the adaptation of plants to adverse conditions and habitats; it is further believed that in the cell, they may exhibit a protective effect in response to biotic and abiotic stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of salt stress on the content of prenol lipids in the leaves of Crimean linden (Tilia ‘Euchlora’). The Cl content in the slightly damaged (“healthy”) leaves averaged 0.96%, while that in the heavily damaged (“sick”) leaves averaged 2.02%. The leaves of control trees contained on average 0.57% Cl. The Na contents in the healthy and damaged leaves were 208 mg/kg and 1038 mg/kg, respectively, and the Na content in the control areas was 63 mg/kg. A mixture of polyprenols consisting of four compounds, prenol-9, prenol-10, prenol-11 and prenol-12, was identified in the leaves of Crimean linden. This mixture was dominated by prenol-10 (2.16–6.90 mg/g). The polyprenol content was highest in the leaves of “healthy” trees (approximately 13.31 mg/g), was lower in the case of “sick” trees (approximately 9.18 mg/g), and was the lowest in the control trees (mean 4.71 mg/g). No changes were observed in the composition of the mixture of polyprenols under these conditions. The results suggest that polyprenols may affect the accumulation of Cl in leaves. This phenomenon is evidenced by the high content of prenols in the leaves of trees considered “healthy” but growing under conditions of increased soil salinity and the lower content of prenols in the leaves of the “sick” and control trees. It is advisable to further investigate the role of prenol lipids in the leaves of trees subjected to salt stress
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed in 76 patients referred to our department because of intellectual disability and dysmorphic features that can be related to subtelomeric microaberrations. In all the patients, conventional cytogenetic methods revealed normal karyotype. Four (5.3%) subtelomeric rearrangements were detected by FISH: 2 subtelomeric 1p36 deletions, an unbalanced translocation involving chromosomes 1 and 12 with 1p36 deletion, and a de novo balanced translocation involving chromosomes 19 and 22. Thus, 3 cases of 1p36 subtelomeric deletion were found (3.95%). To confirm subtelomeric rearrangements in 2 patients, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was applied. Moreover, 3 cases of polymorphism without phenotypic effects were found: in 2 patients, the polymorphism involved the long arm of chromosome 2 (maternal derivative in both patients), while in the third patient, a polymorphism of the long arm of chromosome 7 was diagnosed. The latter polymorphism was also found in the patient's mother and grandfather.
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