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Background. It is necessary to ensure a variety of nutrients in weekly menus in kindergartens according to the recommendations and standards currently in effect. It is also important to follow the energy value of macronutrients, which is usually carried out by the relevant institutions quarterly in every kindergarten. However, the quality of menus in relation to the representation of different types of food is not monitored. Objective. The aim of this study was to estimate the quality of meals in relation to the representation of different types of food in state and privately owned kindergartens in one of Zagreb district in Croatia. Material and Methods. Weekly menu’s daily meals served in kindergarten groups for children (4 - 6 years old) were analysed and compared with the Croatian Health Care, Hygiene and Balanced Diet Programme for Children in Kindergartens and with Food Plan Standards for Children in Kindergartens - Menus and Standards. The studies were performed in state and privately owned kindergartens in Zagreb, district Maksimir. Results. Except in the serving of dairy products, which were in comparison to the proscribed standard overrepresented, other foods such as grains, fruits, vegetables, meat, eggs, pulse were underrepresented. Grains, except in a smaller number of servings, were statistically underrepresented in state owned kindergartens in comparison to the privately owned ones. The largest discrepancy was shown in the low number of fish servings, equally so in the state and privately owned kindergartens. Conclusions. In recent years strides have been made to harmonise menus provided by kindergartens with standards based on scientific research on the prevention of obesity. However, further harmonisation of “old” and “new” foods intended to achieve a more substantial balance of the consumption of certain foods and the adequate amounts of their nutritional values is necessary.
W grudniu 2000 r. CIS, będący Punktem Kontaktowym ds. Komisji Kodeksu Żywnościowego FAO/WHO w Polsce, zorganizował konferencję mającą na celu upowszechnienie wiedzy o pracach Komisji Kodeksu Żywnościowego. Kodeks Żywnościowy (Codex Alimentarius) jest zbiorem norm żywnościowych, uznanych na forum międzynarodowym. Omówiono rolę i znaczenie tej Komisji, dokumenty kodeksowe, procedurę ich tworzenia i akceptacji, ochronę interesów konsumenta na tle prac kodeksowych oraz nowe obszary działania KKŻ. Prace KKŻ stanowią podstawę do harmonizacji światowego prawa żywnościowego.
Nutritional value of fats in a whole day's rations of persons of workmen's standing, was investigated. Fat content going beyond the recommended limit on an average by 30%, at the fat energy portion being on a level of 38%, was found. Mutual relationship of saturated acids to mono-, and poly-unsaturated acids, was found to depart considerably from that recommended at values: P:S = 0.14, and 2S-P = 29,2. Dominant group was saturated and mono- unsaturated acids. Polyunsaturated acids content was low and amounted up 7% of total fatty acids sum. The content of acids with hypercholesteremic and proaggregative properties was observed to stand several times higher than that of essential fatty acids. The energy portion from essential fatty acids (amounting to 2,16%) was found to be one of the lowest value noted among the population hitherto investigated.
Alimentary rations under test were found to be rich in fat. Fat energy proportional portion exceeded, as a rule, the recommended value by about 30%. At the same time, acidic composition of fat under test was wide of the optimal one. Predominant group was saturated and monounsaturated acids (occurring in similar amounts), however, polyunsaturated acids content amounted to about 11 % of total fatty acids sum. Energy proportional portion from essential fatty acids, in a whole day's rations, was found to be higher than necessary minimum (3%); on the other hand, it did not cover the recommended standard for subjects advanced in years (4%). Value P:S was noted to correspond with an average european diet. Portion of acids with proaggregative properties was higher than hypercholesteremic acids content.
Ocena sposobu żywienia 290 studentek przeprowadzona metodą wywiadu z ostatnich 24 godz. przed badaniem wykazała, że wartość energetyczna oraz zawartość składników odżywczych, z wyjątkiem tłuszczu, w badanych całodziennych racjach pokarmowych nie wypełniały zalecanej normy.
Nutritional value of representative, drawn by lot, full day's food rations of students residing in the Wielkopolska region, was found to be differentiated and conditioned by the year's season and the sex of subjects. Subsequently to the ignorance of rational feeding principles, the degree of realization of recommended nutritional standards was unsatistactory. In rations under test, an oversupply of fats, and deficiency of protein, vitamins, and mineral components, except phosphorus, was observed. The need for a change of nutritional practice of the investigated population, is stressed.
Nutritional value of fats in a whole day's rations of persons of non-workmen's standing, was investigated. Fat content going beyond the recommended limit by more than 50%, and exceeding, as a rule, the fat energy portion by 40%, was found in rations under test. Predominant group was saturated and monounsaturated acids. Polyunsaturated acids content was low and amounted up 7% of total fatty acids sum. Saturated/mono- and polyunsaturated acids ratio was noted to depart considerably from that recommended at the P:S value = 0,13. The content of hypocholesteremic acids (essential fatty acids) was found to be several times lower than that of hypercholes- teremic-proaggregative acids which occurred in equivalent amounts. The lowest (from hitherto noted) energy portion from essential fatty acids (amounting to 1.9%) was observed in a whole day's rations of male subjects under investigation. Indices of fat nutritional value under test, were differentiated according to sex of subjects under investigation, and time od year on which experiments were carried out.
The objective of this inquiry study, carried out in the midst of intellectuals from 21 to 64 years old, was to define the nutritional value of full day's food rations taken by this population. The degree of realization of recommended standards relative to fundamental nutritive components and selected mineral elements and vitamins, was specified. Well-marked deficiencies resulting from the restricted supply of protein, niacin, ascorbic acid, calcium, iron, and magnesium, were found. In rations under investigation, an oversupply of fats at the level determining their energetic value, was also observed.
Niedożywienie, stany chorobowe, pooperacyjne oraz infekcje uważa się za najczęstsze przyczyny występowania niedoboru mikropierwiastków. Niedobór cynku wpływa na wystąpienie i przebieg wielu chorób u osób dorosłych i starszych. Jedną z metod zapobiegania niedoborom tego mikroelementu jest odpowiednia jego podaż w diecie. Podano normy zapotrzebowania na cynk oraz wskazano produkty żywnościowe, które są jego najlepszym źródłem.
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