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A relation was studied between body weight measured at the age of 3, 6 and 12 months in Polish Holstein-Friesian (HF) heifers (n=111) and young bulls (n=87) and C/T polymorphism within intron IV of bovine osteopontin encoding gene (SPP1). Three half-sib (HS) families were considered, each sired by heterozygous C/T sire. Significant association was found of SPP1 C>T SNP with body Wright in all the analysed HS progeny groups of young heifers and bulls. Within young bulls the differences were identified (P≤0.05) in body weight between the SPP1 genotypes (8514C/C, 8514C/T, 8514T/T) in month 3, 6 and 12 of age. Within heifers, however, the differences (P≤0.05) were found in the progeny groups aged 6 and 12 months. Moreover, when data from bulls and heifers were pooled (n=198) the highly significant effect (P≤0.01) of SPP1 genotype on body weight was observed at the age of 6 and 12 months.
The investigations were carried out in a sheepfold located in the Pomeranian Province, Poland. Sheep were evaluated in terms of reproduction traits of ewes, nursing success, and the weight at birth of their lambs. The herd achieved a generally high level of reproduction traits, similar to reference values for the breed published by the Polish Sheep BreedingAssociation for the years 2005–2009. The mean fertility index for the studied period remained at a level 78.2%, prolificacy 133.8%, and lamb nursing success 86.8%, whereas the mean index of reproduction performance was 90.8%. Equally high values were observed for the growth of the offspring. Until 75 days of age, both body weight and daily gains of singles were higher compared to those of lambs born from multiple births. The ram lambs attained higher body weight and daily gains as compared to the ewe lambs of the same age.
The research material consisted of 87 Suffolk ewes divided into control (1) and experimental (2) groups. Both groups were fed farm feeds according to DLG standards.Animals from the experimental group were given an addition of the nutritional pectin concentrate with an immunological effect (KO) produced on the basis of apple pectins. Dams were given approx. 10 g per animal per day of the preparation mixed with concentrate every 7 days during tupping, every 3 days during pregnancy and everyday during the rearing of lambs. Lambs were reared with their dams. From 14 days of age their diet was supplemented with the evaluated preparation mixed with oat meal and then with concentrate at the amount of 10% of a given feed. Reproduction results of 87 ewes including fertility, prolificacy, rearing of lambs and reproduction indices were evaluated. Based on the body weight of lambs at 2 days after birth and at the age of 1 month, 56 and 90 days, as well as on the daily body weight gains in the individual examined periods, the evaluation of the growth of the offspring being reared was performed. In the statistical analysis of the obtained results, Student’s t-test (addition of preparation) was applied. It was found that dams from both groups were characterised by similar and very low fertility (54.7–58.2%). The applied pectin preparation significantly (P≤0.01) affected the value of the prolificacy index of the examined sheep. In this respect, the ewes from experimental group were over 32 per cent better than the ewes from the control group. Similar tendency was observed for the rearing of lambs and the values of reproduction indices. The offspring of both groups of dams weighed at 2 days after birth had similar body weight. From 1 month of age a significant advantage of lambs from experimental group was observed both in respect of body weight and daily body weight gains.At the last weighing at 90 days of age, lambs given the KO preparation were significantly heavier (P≤0.01) than their age mates from group 1. In the whole experiment, lambs from group 2 were characterised by approx. 26 g higher body weight gains (P≤0.05) compared to lambs from group 1 and the values of the growth rate indices for animals in both groups were similar.
Selected life-cycle and population parameters of a common Euro-Siberian wetland snail – Succinea putris (L.) – were studied in the field and in the laboratory. In the field the snails reproduced at least from April till September, with April–May and August–September peaks; only one such peak (April) was observed in the laboratory, though the snails reproduced throughout the year. The changes in population size structure in the field and the laboratory results (life span 210–420 days, mean 309) indicated semelparity. Growth in the laboratory included two phases: slow (November–March) and fast (June–October); which phase came first during the life cycle depended on the date of hatching. The growth rate in the field corresponded closely with the fast-phase growth in the laboratory. The smallest reproducing individual was slightly over 2.8 whorls; snails of 3.0 whorls were regularly observed to produce eggs (maximum number of whorls in adults: 4.0). Sexual maturity was attained in ca. 160 days. The eggs (non-calcified, translucent, spherical, 1.7–2.0 mm in diameter) were laid in batches, 5–64 per batch; the eggs within a batch were glued together. The batch dimensions were 3.5–25.7×2.2–24.7 mm. The time to lay a batch was 20–35 minutes. Forty-eight snails produced 74 batches within 12 months. The duration of the egg phase was 11–28 days, which might indicate egg retention of varied duration; hatching was asynchronous, spanning 1–12 days within a batch. The hatchlings had shells of 1.1–1.2 whorls; hatching success was 95%. Neither uniparental reproduction, nor egg or juvenile cannibalism were observed. When compared to data in the literature, our results imply that Succinea putris displays substantial local variation in life-cycle traits.We also provide an overview table to discuss similarities and adaptive radiation in the European succineid species.
The aim of this study was the evaluation of the growth of broiler chickens and their slaughter value from 1 to 42 days of age. The research material consisted of the Ross 308 chickens. At 42 days of rearing, the chickens reached the mean final body weight of 2229.9 g. During successive weeks of rearing, the weight of all elements, i.e. giblets, inedible parts and offal, increased with an increasing body weight of birds. At the same time, their percentage in the body weight decreased considerably, and the dressing percentage increased.At 42 days of rearing, the eviscerated carcass weight averaged 1697 g, the percentage of muscles was 46.7%, that of skin and fat was 11.0% and the remainders of the carcass (bones) accounted for 42.5%. During the rearing period, considerable changes in the tissue composition of carcass and their uneven growth were found. Moreover, the effect of age and type of muscle on the chemical composition of muscles was determined.
Comparison of the results of rearing the suckling piglets, receiving different Fe preparations. The aim of the studies was determine the results of rearing the piglets which received three different preparations of iron (Fe) by injection. The sows, the progeny of which was covered with the observations, were at random assigned before parturition, to one from three experimental groups – E1, E2 and E3 (5 sows in each group). The rate of growth, feed utilization and health state of the piglets from birth until weaning (35 day of life) was controlled. The highest body weight of 5-week old piglets was recorded in group E3; the difference in relation to body weight of the piglets from group E1 and 2 was equal to 3.47% and 13.15%, respectively (p>0.05). The best equalization of body weight of 5-week old piglets was found in groups E3 and E1. The piglets from group E3 consumed the greatest quantity of fixed feed until weaning; in the mentioned group, the body weight gain in total was the highest one (8.44 kg/head). The mean daily gains of the piglets from group E3 were equal to 241 g and they were higher as compared to group E1 and E2 by 5.24% and 12.62%, respectively. Consumption of solid feed per gain of 1kg of body weight of the litter amounted in groups E1, E2 and E3 to 4.80, 3.49 and 4.65 kg, respectively. The mentioned index was low what indicates a good milk performance of the sows. All three employed preparations fulfilled their prophylactic function and prevented incidence of anaemia symptoms.
The paper analyses the effect of egg dimensions (volume, breadth, and length) on the growth and development of Tree Sparrow nestlings on successive days of life. Egg size did not influence nestling mortality. It was found that for most days of nestling life, the mean volume and breadth of eggs were positively correlated with the mean mass of nestlings in the nest. Similarly, the deviation of the volume and breadth of a particular egg from the mean egg volume and breadth in the clutch was positively correlated with the deviation of nestling mass from the mean nestling mass in the nest. Nestling growth and development in terms of asymptotic mass (g), maximum growth rate (g/day), tarsus length, and longest remex length were also positively correlated with egg size. The effect of egg size was particularly pronounced in the period of termination of intensive growth rate, development of thermoregulation, and feather development. It is possible that larger eggs contain more microelements, hormones, antioxidants, and vitamins.
In the temperate zone, climate warming improves the environmental conditions of warm water fish in many ways thus stimulating their growth and yield. Warming was observed in fishponds in the mid 1980s when seasonal sums of water temperature above 14°C, i.e. the temperature effective for carp, Cyprinus carpio growth, frequently exceeded the long-term average sum. There was considerable variability in the annual sums of temperature effective for carp growth with a decreasing tendency in the 1958-1980 period and an increasing tendency in the 1980-2003 period. The long-term distribution of the yield of three-year-old carp follows the sums of the effective temperature except in very warm seasons when the empirical yields were below those computed from the model. This implies that it is necessary to introduce into computations the upper temperature of the thermal limit effective for carp growth, which seems to be an average diel temperature of about 25°C. This paper presents the quantitative differentiation in thermal conditions of carp growth between Poland, France, and Bohemia.
The purpose of the present study was to determine the influence of animal and plant lipids (cod-liver, soybean and sunflower-seed oil, sunflower-seed and tallow fatty acids, sunflower-seed lecithin) on the growth and chemical and fatty acid composition of carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Eight isocaloric diets that were processed into granules and distributed in three experiments were used. The nutritive lipid sources that were a component of the carp diets stimulated growth, protein absorption, and the retention of fats and protein. The fatty acids extracted from the carp in the 2+ age group were either oleic-linoleic-palmitic or oleic-palmitic-linoleic. The individual fatty acid profile was influenced by the composition of the lipid sources.
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