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During potato vegetation the glycoalkaloid contents are decreasing. The changes in glycoalkaloid contents during maturation of potato tubers ought to be analyzed as dependent on the cultivar (preferred to the use are potato cultivars, which cumulate lower glycoalkaloid contents). The study aimed to determine the effect of vegetation period of potato cultivars provided for use in food-processing on cumulation of glycoalkaloids in the tubers. It was stated that the potatoes harvested at their full technological maturity contained about 1.6 times less glycoalkaloids than the potatoes harvested in the first terms (after setting of potato tubers). The chaconine to solanine concentration ratio was higher in matured potatoes (2.7 : 1) than in the potatoes harvested in earlier terms (from 2.3 : 1 to 2.6 : 1). Dorota and Kuba potato cultivars (proper to chips processing) contained less glycoalkaloids than Felsina and Victoria cultivars (provided for French fries processing).
The content of glycoalkaloids was determined during vegetation of potato tubers of very early varieties (Aster, Drop, Malwa, Orlik) cultivated in 1993 on the fields of the Experimental Station for Variety Evaluation at Węgrzce near Cracow. The content of glycoalkaloids ranged from 0.7 to 17.8 mg/100 g, wet basis, at the average content of 5.6 mg/100 g and the smallest content of 1.3 mg/100 g in potato tubers harvested in the latter part of August. In potatoes stored at different conditions, the content of glycoalkaloids statistically increased. After 6 months, tubers stored at 10°C contained less glycoalkaloids than those stored at 4°C.
This study presents a review of Polish and foreign literature on the effects of various factors on contents of glycoalkaloids in potato tubers. The level of glycoalkaloids in tubers depends on many factors, among which the most important are genetic variation and growth conditions, tuber injury, tuber size as well as immaturity. Among the most significant factors affecting contents of glycoalkaloids in potatoes are light exposure and storage conditions. It was found that all applied culinary techniques resulted in decreased glycoalkaloids contents in the tubers. Significant rise in glycoalkaloids content in potato tubers observed during storage depends on the variety.
In tuber samples of 95 table and 50 starch potato cultivars grown over the years 1988-2005 on light loamy sand at Jadwisin Experimental Station, near Warsaw, the average tuber weight (m) and glycoalkaloids (cTGA) content (according to Berger’s colorimetric method) were determinated. Relationship between the tuber weight and cTGA content was analysed for all tested samples (445) and also for 12 different tuber size classes. The highest mean values (above 100 mg·kg⁻¹ fresh matter; FM) were detected in two classes of the smallest tubers of average weight 20-30 and 30-40 g. The biggest two classes (ranging within 120-130 and 130-154 g) contained smallest TGA amounts: 29 and 39 mg·kg⁻¹ FM, respectively. Divergence of cTGA content was slight (48 to 60 mg·kg⁻¹ FM) in remaining 8 tuber classes (40-120 g) including 90% tested tuber samples in total. Following reciprocal regression describes in the best way the relationship between mean tuber weight and cTGA content in particular classes: cTGA = 18.3 + 2754.3/m; r = 0.900; significance level = 0.01, n = 12. Only the tendency to diminishing TGA content with increasing weight of the tubers was shown at regression analysis for all 445 tested samples without division of tubers size classes. Dangerous TGA level (above 200 mg·kg⁻¹ FM) was observed only in 2% tested tuber samples; 52% showed cTGA content lower than 50 mg-kg-1·kg⁻¹ FM.
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