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The influence of herbicides on protein and starch content in barley grain was examined.
The purpose of the research was to define the influence of cultivar, growing season and grain largeness on its extractivity, which was determined by Bishop’s formula. The experimental material was: barley grain of Rudzik, Brenda and Scarlett cultivars, from growing seasons of 2000-2003, originating from the region of Lower Silesia, taken from raw material supplied to malthouses, as well as grain from 10 cultivars of brewing barley (Class, Blask, Riviera, Lailla, Hanka, Sebastian, Bolina, Philadelphia, Tolar, Stratus), from the growing season of 2005, from Agricultural Experimental Station in Pawłowice In the fractionated barley grain there were determined protein content and thousand grains weight. Malts of Pilzen type were obtained as a result of brewing barley grain malting in laboratory conditions for 6 days. After mashing, there was determined the content of extract in congress worts. On the basis of extract content malt extractivity was calculated. These data were compared with the extractivity of barley grains, determined by Bishop’s formula and differences analyzed statistically. It was stated that the application of Bishop’s formula in the evaluation of the malting usability of brewing barley grain, especially in multi-year analyses, enables predicting the extractivity of Pilzen type malts with high accuracy. Differentiated cultivar-specific traits, changeable weather conditions during growing seasons as well as grains fractionation in terms of their thickness neither impair nor significantly change the effects of predicting the malting usability of brewing barleys with the formula of Bishop.
The paper proves a strong correlation between the range of parameters of hydrothermal treatment of barley grain (temperature of moistening, steam pressure, time of moistening) on the moisture content of grain. The study is based on a multidirectional scheme and permits conducting analysis of the influence of hydrothermal treatment on the physical properties of barley grain, mainly on its moisture content. The results obtained enabled elaborating a scheme of calculating changes in the geometrical center of grain after its steam moistening. It explains a complicated mechanism of changes in the geometrical properties of moistened grain and their effect on the bulky array. It is very important in the proper processing and preparation of grain. The achieved results and their analysis demonstrated practical directions and possibilities of hydrothermal treatment of barley grain before processing.
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of replacing barley grain or dry maize (50% by weight) in feed mixtures for calves with ensiled high-moisture maize grain on ruminal and postruminal digestibility of starch, rumen development parameters and rearing performance of calves. The experiment was carried out with 40 bull calves aged between 10 ± 3 and 90 days divided into 4 groups of 10 animals per group. The main source of dietary starch was barley in the control group (B), dry maize grain in group MD, 50% barley and 50% ensiled maize grain in group BMS, and 50% dry maize grain and 50% ensiled maize grain in group MDMS. The results obtained show that rolled ensiled maize grain can be successfully used in diets for calves reared from 10 to 90 days of age to replace (50% by weight) dry rolled barley or maize grain. However, slightly better production results were obtained when feeding a barley and ensiled maize grain diet, which is probably due to the better intestinal digestibility of protein and starch, as shown by higher intestinal digestibility coefficients of protein and starch as well as lower faecal starch losses. The addition of ensiled maize grain to the diets did not cause significant changes in rumen fermentation, although there was a slight increase in total VFA concentration and proportion of butyric acid, a reduction in pH of rumen fluid, and calves tended to have higher serum β-hydroxybutyric acid concentrations at 10 and 12 weeks of age. The replacement of dry grains with ensiled maize grain in the diets for calves did not have an unambiguously favourable effect on rumen papillae development while improving wall thickness of the ventral ruminal sac.
The experiment was conducted in three oxen about 350 kg BW in Latin square design. The basic diet consisted of barley grain, meadow hay and mineral mixture. The diets were supplemented with avoparcin and Zn-bacitracin of 20 and 35 mg per kg of the ration (DM basis), respectively. The preliminary period lasted 30 days for each cycle of in situ measurements. The Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cu, Zn content was estimated in the feed samples (rye grain, wheat grain, barley grain, peas seed, horse bean and soyabean meal) and in bag-residues. The ranking of mineral release in animals fed without any antibiotics was as follows: K (98,4%) > Mg (92,2) > Na (89,6) > Cu (86,6) > Zn (72,7) > Ca (20,1) and in animals fed with antibiotics the ranking, except of Na was similar: K (99,4) > Na (97,6) > Mg (94,0) > Cu (91,9) > Zn (75,0) > Ca (3,4) and: K (99,5) > Na (98,4) > Mg (93,4) > Cu (90,9) > Zn (65,3) > Ca (11,87) for avoparcin and Zn-bacitracin, respectively.
The influence oľ 4 strains of Geotrichum candidum yeasts, used as starter cultures in the process of steeping of Rudzik and Maresi barley grain, on basic biotechnological qualities of malts was researched. The comparative sample was malt obtained from grain disinfected with the use of formalin. It has been observed that Rudzik grain was more susceptible to the influence of G. candidum starter cultures. In samples of this variety the starter cultures brought about higher extract yields of malts, higher protein modification and darker worts. From among the strains which were used, G. candidum 1 significantly influenced the qualities of malts rising their diastatic power and extract content, improving the dynamics of wort filtration and reducing its viscosity.
W wyniku działania dwóch chemomutagenów (MNU i AS) na ziarniaki nieoplewionego rodu hodowlanego 1N/86 uzyskano mutanty, które odznaczały się niższą wysokością roślin i większą odpornością na wyleganie niż formy wyjściowe. Materiał ten (18 mutantów) wraz z rodem hodowlanym 1N/86 były przedmiotem doświadczenia polowego przeprowadzonego na polu doświadczalnym IGR PAN w Cerekwicy. Po zbiorze roślin określano wysokość roślin oraz mierzono wybrane parametry struktury plonu. Wybrane mutanty charakteryzowały się wysokością roślin w przedziale od 59,9 cm do 71,9 cm, przy wysokości ich formy wyjściowej wynoszącej 77,1 cm i różniły się istotnie pod względem tej cechy od rodu wyjściowego 1N/86. Mimo, że większość mutantów o skróconej długości źdźbła miało wyraźnie obniżone wartości cech struktury plonu, dwa z nich (M 39 i M 142) mieściły się na poziomie wzorca pod względem liczby ziaren z kłosa i masy ziaren z rośliny. Wskazuje to na możliwość uzyskania form o obniżonej wysokości i plonujących co najmniej na poziomie ich formy wyjściowej. Mutanty te stanowić mogą interesujący materiał wyjściowy w hodowli jęczmienia nagoziarnistego.
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