This study compared the dimensions of the dispersion of fat globules in dairy products based on microscopic and instrumental methods using laser diffraction. The research involved an analysis of 20% and 10% fat cream and 3.5% fat milk, both non-homogenized and homogenized at 20 MPa and 100 MPa. Chemical compounds affecting the dissociation or disaggregation of casein micelles and fatty globules agglomerates were added to samples intended for instrumental measurements. It was found that those compounds did not have any significant effect on changes of determinants characterizing the dispersion of fat globules in cream, while in milk they determined the size of particles with a decreasing intensity of differences between the parameters under analysis in the following order: non-homogenized milk > milk homogenized at 20 MPa > milk homogenized at 100 MPa.
Processes of milk fat biosynthesis and milk fat globules secretion are gaining increasing attention in recent years. Milk fat not only provides calories and nutritionally important components, but also greatly contributes to the organoleptic characteristics of dairy products. Milk fat globules are formed and secreted from mammary epithelial cells. The functioning and development of the mammary gland is a very complex process. The changes in hormonal levels upon each pregnancy cause the mammary epithelial cells to proliferate, differentiate and die due to apoptosis. The paper brings together current information regarding the regulation of the mammary gland development, regulation of milk fat synthesis, as well as characterizes key stages in the biosynthesis, formation and secretion of milk fat globules.
This study demonstrated that vibration (with a constant frequency, i.e. 30 Hz, acceleration of 1 g, exposure time of 60 min and variable container filling, i.e. 50, 80 and 100%) affected an increase in milk acidity and produced unfavorable changes in its components. The dynamics of these changes were inversely proportional to the degree of milk container filling. The storage stability of the raw material was limited, to a statistically significant extent, by the temperature of incubation and the degree of milk container filling during vibration. The properties examined were observed to change with higher dynamics during storage of the raw material at a temp. of 8°C, and the greatest changes in both components and properties of milk were in the samples subjected to vibration with 50% filling of the container.
This study addressed a comparative analysis of selected characteristics of technological usability of milk of Jersey (Je) and Holstein-Friesian (hf) cows. Milk of Je cows was characterized by a higher content of total nitrogen and casein nitrogen as compared to that of hf cows, however, the casein number was similar for both breeds of cows. Heat stability of the milk of Je cows was twofold higher, whereas its rennet coagulation time was shorter (by 13%) as compared to the milk of hf cows. Ethanol stability of the analyzed milk samples of both cow breeds was at a similar level. Milk originating from cows of Je breed was characterized by a higher content of fat, occurring in the form of fat globules greater in size, and a higher rate of creaming, as compared to milk of hf cows.
Milk is a biological fluid considered as an ideal food. However milk not only provides a good balance of all nutrients, but also contains many bioactive compounds fulfilling various functions. One of such components gaining increasing attention in recent years is the milk fat globule membrane. Alongside its primary role in stabilizing lipid globules, it comprises many biologically active molecules. One of such groups are proteins. The primary milk fat globule membrane proteins are: butyrophilin, mucin 1, mucin 15, xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase (XDH/XO), CD 36, adipophilin, lactadherin and fatty-acid binding protein (FABP). Moreover, many minor proteins with different functions are found in the milk fat globule membrane. In this review biological activities of milk fat globule membrane proteins are described. Unraveling the full composition of the membrane and its impact on the nutritional value of milk should enable the conscious application and use of these bioactive compounds in functional foods.
This study determines the effect of full-stream and partial high pressure homogenisation (constant pressure of 100 MPa, different temperatures: 20˚C, 40˚C, 60˚C) on selected distinguishing features of the colloidal and emulsion phases of milk. The pH values of milk decreased significantly (p<0.05) as a result of full-stream homogenisation, while they remained unaffected by partial homogenisation (p0.05). Most of the changes in the titratable acidity and conductivity of milk triggered by full-stream homogenisation and partial homogenisation were not statistically significant (p0.05). Partial high pressure homogenisation had a weaker effect on reducing rennet coagulation time and heat stability of milk than the process performer with the full-stream method. Full-stream and partial homogenisation resulted in a statistically significant (p<0.05) reduction in the thermal coagulation time by approx. 44% and 30%, respectively in comparison to the control sample. The values of thermal stability time of milk subjected to full-stream and partial high pressure homogenisation were different (p<0.05). The rennet coagulation time of milk did not differ depending on the homogenisation method applied (p0.05). Fat globules size, described by parameters dv10, dv50, dv90, d32, and d43, was statistically significant (p<0.05) lower upon fullstream homogenisation than upon partial homogenisation. The maximum decrease in d32 value was 6.5- and 2-fold as a result of full-stream and partial homogenisation, respectively. Microscopic images show that the low effectiveness of partial homogenisation was due to the flocculation of fat globules. Changes to the viscosity of milk as a result of full-stream homogenisation (a decrease) and partial homogenisation (an increase) were noted as well. The advantage of partial high pressure homogenization over full-stream homogenization is the reduction of the influence of the process on the colloidal stability of milk, while the disadvantage is the low efficiency of the process. High pressure homogenization as an innovative method of preservation can be applied in the dairy industry. The desired features of emulsion and colloidal phases, depending on the product, are the result of selection of the method and temperature of the process.
W pracy określono wpływ homogenizacji jednostopniowej (200, 500, 1000 i 2000 bar) oraz dwustopniowej (200/100 i 500/250 bar) na wybrane właściwości pasteryzowanego mleka odtłuszczonego, skrzepu kwasowego uzyskanego z tego mleka pod wpływem bakterii fermentacji mlekowej oraz wpływu homogenizacji na przejście składników suchej substancji mleka do serwatki. Rozmiar ogółu cząstek mleka odtłuszczonego nie uległ statystycznie istotnej zmianie (p > 0,05) w wyniku homogenizacji jednostopniowej przy ciśnieniu 200 bar, natomiast w przypadku homogenizacji dwustopniowej przy ciśnieniu 200/100 bar odnotowano istotny wzrost wielkości cząstek (p ≤ 0,05). Znaczące zmniejszenie wielkości cząstek nastąpiło w wyniku homogenizacji przy ciśnieniu > 200 bar, zarówno jedno-, jak i dwustopniowej. Obecność dużych cząstek zdefiniowanych średnicą d v90 i d 43 w mleku odtłuszczonym była spowodowana prawdopodobnie wpływem wstępnych procesów technologicznych na składniki mleka (wirowanie, pasteryzacja), a zastosowanie ciśnienia homogenizacji > 200 bar wpłynęło na ich eliminację. Odnotowano wpływ dwustopniowej homogenizacji na zmiany parametrów barwy mleka odtłuszczonego: parametru b*, wskaźnika żółtości, nasycenia oraz różnicy tonu i barwy. Nie wykazano jednoznacznego wpływu ciśnienia homogenizacji na jasność i indeks oddalenia od bieli w badanym mleku. Homogenizacja mleka odtłuszczonego (niezależnie od zastosowanych ciśnień) nie wpłynęła na zatrzymanie składników suchej substancji mleka w skrzepie kwasowym oraz na jego zwięzłość. Świadczą o tym wyniki testu kompresji badanego skrzepu: twardość (0,43 ÷ 0,49 N) i konsystencja (4,38 ÷ 4,76 N·s) oraz składu serwatki (tłuszczu, białka, laktozy, suchej masy). Zastosowanie homogenizacji nie zakłóca przebiegu procesu produkcji serów twarogowych odtłuszczonych i umożliwia otrzymanie produktu o teksturze skrzepu i retencji w nim składników nieróżniących się od skrzepu otrzymanego z mleka odtłuszczonego niehomogenizowanego.
The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of cold storage (temp. 4 and 8°C) on some physicochemical properties and technological suitability of raw milk subjected to vertical vibration at various frequencies (10, 30 and 60 Hz). An analysis of the results showed that vibration increased milk acidity and negatively affected milk components. The process caused, among others, an increase in the levels of ionic calcium and free fatty acids, as well as protein degradation (an increase in the formalin number), which deteriorated the technological quality of milk (a decrease in thermal stability and ethanol stability, a shorter rennet coagulation time). The degree of these changes corresponded to an increase in vibrational frequency. Intensive lipolytic and proteolytic processes and enhanced acidity were observed during cold storage of raw milk subjected to vibration. This had a negative effect on the technological suitability of milk. The changes were less significant in the case of deep chilling (4°C).
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