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The assessed milk was derived from cows of Jersey breed and their crosses. Milk technological usefulness was determined on the basis of experimental production of cottage cheese using two methods of production: acid-rennin and acid.
The investigations included 333 milk samples obtained from cows of 6 breeds maintained in Poland, i.e. Polish Holstein-Friesian black-white (150) and red-white (40) variety, Simental (29), Whitebacks (28), Jersey (37) and Polish Red (49). Milk was collected in the spring-summer season, when the dietary units included green forage. At the milk sampling a lactation phase was regarded, that is up to 120 days, from 120 to 200 and over 200. In each milk sample there were determined chemical composition, fat molecule diameter, thermostability and rennet induced milk coagulability. The parameters were analysed taking into consideration a cow breed and a lactation phase. It was found that milk of Whitebacks, Simental and Jersey exhibited a better protein-fat ratio and a high level of fat molecules of big-sized diameters. Milk of these cows and Polish Red withstood a sustained thermal treatment at 140°C and showed significantly shorter coagulation time due to a higher protein content. Therefore, milk from cows of these breeds proves more useful for processing, mainly cheese production. The effect of a lactation phase on milk chemical composition, its thermostability and coagulation time was indicated.
This paper presents the results of granulometric analyses of sawdust of unmodified and thermally- modified ash wood (Fraxinus exelsior L.) sawed on a narrow-kerf sash gang saw. The sawdust of dry thermally-modified ash produced in the sawing process on a frame sawing machine PRW15-M at a feed speed in the range of 0.36-1.67 m·min-1 has chip granularity ranging from 33.5 μm to 9.9 mm; whereas unmodified ash wood sawdust consists of chips in a granularity range from 35.6 μm to 13.8 mm. It was observed that thermally-modified ash sawdust is finer, with a distinctly larger share of the fraction in the granularity range a = 125-500 μm and a slightly increased share of the fraction in the range a = 32-125 μm. Changes in mechanical characteristics of modified wood were also observed in the technological usefulness of a part of dry sawdust chip in the granularity range a = 250 μm-2.4 mm. While the homogenous share of chips in sawdust produced in the process of sawing of dry ash wood was HSCha = 81-84 %, the demonstrated homogenous share of chips in ash sawdust formed in the process of sawing of dry thermally-modified wood was lower by 4-6 %.
The aim of the present study was to determine a relationship between the somatic cell count in milk and daily yield, chemical content as well milk technological usefulness in different breeds cows. The examinations included a total of 1 867 milk samples collected from cows of four breeds: Polish Holstein-Friesian, Black-White variety – 712 and Red-White variety – 356, Simental – 587 and Whitebacks – 212 samples. Each sample was examined to determine somatic cells count (SCC), basic chemical composition, thermostability and rennet milk coagulation time. Based on the SCC score, within each cow breed, the milk samples were classified into one of four groups, i.e. I – up to 200,000 cells/ml, II – 200,001-400,000 cells/ml, III – 400,001-1,000,000 cells/ml and IV above 1,000,000 cells/ml. The increase in SCC was associated with the reduction in daily milk yield of the high-yielding dairy cows. As far as milk composition is concerned, an increased SCC level was connected with raise in a total crude protein content and a distinct reduction in lactose level (P≤0.01) as well as with a small (P≤0.05) increase in fat and casein content, and elevation in protein to fat ratio. The time of milk enzymatic coagulation also was lengthened (P≤0.01) but it did not influence its thermostability. The significant relationship (breed x SCC) for the protein, casein and lactose content, protein to fat ratio as well as rennet milk coagulation time has been revealed.
Porównano wybrane cechy 10 odmian jabłek oraz ich jakość po zastosowaniu procesu minimalnego przetwarzania. Wśród badanych odmian najwolniej ciemniejącym miąższem odznaczały się odmiany ‘Elstar’ i ‘Szampion’. Miąższ tych odmian charakteryzował się najwyższymi wartościami jasności barwy L*. Nasączanie próżniowe plastrów stosowanym roztworem skutecznie hamowało brązowienie enzymatyczne we wszystkich odmianach jabłek, jednak powodowało zdecydowane pogorszenie tekstury plastrów owocu.
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