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The parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence induction were measured: Fv/Fm, Sc/Fm, Rfd and coefficient of Ld delayed luminescence decay kinetics, related with a course of primary photosynthesis reactions on leaves of strawberry plants, cultured in vitro by means of the micropropagation methods. Strawberry plants cv. Ananasowa from in vitro cultures in optimal condition show significantly higher values of luminescence parameters indicating better condition of plants of this variety in comparison with the variety Senga Sengana. After temperature lowering, however, these values were more reduced than for plants of Senga Sengana, which can be interpreted as higher susceptibility of this variety to chill. Addition of BAP caused disturbance of primary photosynthesis reactions rate, particularly in lower temperature. Auxin 2,4-D had no effect on the luminescence parameters in comparison with control cultures. Dehydration stress strongly diminished the values of measured parameters for Ananasowa variety what indicates the inhibition of primary photosynthesis reaction in leaves. The old culture of Senga Sengana variety showed higher tolerance on linuron in comparison with the new one.
Badania przeprowadzone zostały w latach 2007-2008 w Katedrze Sadownictwa Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu w hali wegetacyjnej. Materiałem badań były truskawki odmiany Elsanta (sadzonki kopane), które wysadzono do skrzyń korzeniowych (rizoboksów) o wymiarach 37 x 18 x 7 cm i pojemności 5,7 kg gleby. W doświadczeniu wykorzystano glebę z trzech różnych sadów o zróżnicowanym stopniu zmęczenia: 1 - gleba z nowiny, 2 - gleba z sadu wiśniowego po 25 latach uprawy, 3 - gleba z sadu jabłoniowego po 30 latach uprawy. W każdej z kombinacji stanowisk wprowadzono trzy poziomy zastosowania preparatu Actisil: a - kontrola (czysta woda), b - roztwór 0,1%, c - roztwór 0,2%. Badania przeprowadzono w czterech powtórzeniach. Po trzech miesiącach uprawy truskawek likwidowano doświadczenie wykonując pomiary długości korzeni, masy korzeni, średnicy szyjki korzeniowej, powierzchni liści. Stwierdzono, istotny wpływ wcześniejszego sposobu użytkowania gleby na wzrost truskawek. Najintensywniej rosły truskawki na glebie wcześniej użytkowanej rolniczo. Wysadzenie roślin po wcześniejszych uprawach sadowniczych przyczyniło się do obniżenia siły wzrostu i zmniejszenia powierzchni blaszek liściowych. Zastosowanie preparatu Actisil w stężeniu 0,1% istotnie poprawiało wzrost truskawek na wszystkich stanowiskach glebowych.
To induce the late summer cropping (July - August ) of Elsanta strawberries, grown in one-year-production cycle, two experiments, based on a delayed planting term of „frigo" plants were carried out. The plantings were started (established) in 1994 (site I, in Gorzyce) on May 14 (a), May 27 (b) and June 10 (c), and in 1996 (site II, Lublin) on June 5 (d), and June 18 (e). Site II was irrigated by dripping, while site I was not. In both sites, the early planting terms (a and d) have contributed to a better plant growth and cropping in comparison to the other treatment. Fruit yields amounted to 99, 75, 21, 452 and 290 g/plant for a, b, c, d and e, respectively. Two weeks' delay in planting term resulted in a deterioration of the fruit size, fruit mass and its chemical composition.
Strawberry plants were grown in soilless culture under greenhouse conditions to investigate the effect of supplementary potassium fertilization on growth and development of plants exposed to high NaCl concentration (35 mmol/L). Treatments included: 1) nutrient solution alone (N); 2) N + 35 mmol/L NaCl (NS); 3) NS + 5 mmol/L K2SO4 (NSK1); 4) NS + 10 mmol/L K2SO4 (NSK2). Results showed that leaf area, ion leakage (EC), chlorophyll contents, biomass production and water usage were negatively affected by NaCl stress. Moreover, fruit set and fruit number decreased under stress condition. Mineral content (Na, Cl, Ca and K) in various plant parts increased upon NaCl stress. Although supplementary potassium fertilization positively influenced the leaf area development, chlorophyll contents and reproductive parameters, it had a negative effect on biomass production. On the other hand, in addition to K and Ca, supplementary potassium increased Na and Cl content. These results showed that potassium reduces some negative effects of NaCl stress in strawberry.
An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse of the Research Institute of Horticulture (RIH) to evaluate the effect of new organic fertilizers and amendments on root growth and mycorrhizal abundance and species richness in the rhizosphere of strawberry plants cv. 'Elsanta'. The plants were grown in rhizoboxes (sized 37 cm x 1.8 cm x 20 cm), filled with 1.85 kg of a podsolic soil collected from an uncultivated field of an experimental organic orchard of the RIH. The soil characteristics were: pH 5.5, organic matter content 1.5%, P content 51 mg P kg-1, K content 158 mg K kg- 1 . The plants were treated with different organic fertilizers and amendments: dry granulated bovine manure (Doktor O'grodnik), extract of vermicompost (Humus UP), extract of humates (Humus Active + Aktywit PM), plant extract (BioFeed Amin), extract from several seaweed species reinforced with humic and fulvic acids (BioFeed Quality), a consortium of beneficial soil organisms (Micosat), a stillage from yeast production (Vinassa) and a solution of titanium (Tytanit). Plants treated with BioFeed Amin, BioFeed Quality, Micosat, Vinassa and Tytanit received also half dose of dry manure. A standard NPK fertilization (NPK control) and a not fertilized control were also included. The following parameters were measured: root growth and morpho­logical parameters, number of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spores, mycorrhizal frequency of AMF in the roots. The chemical composition of the applied products and of soil were also determined.
Treating apple trees and strawberry plants with methyl jasmonate (JA-Me) was investigated to see how the treatment affects the population size of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch.). Both apple and strawberry were represented by two cultivars: Jester, Close and Aga, Kent, respectively. Each plant was infested with mites one day after being treated with a methyl jasmonate (JA-Me) solution. The negative influence of the JA-Me plant treatment on the growth of the subsequently colonized population of the two-spotted spider mite was observed both for strawberry plants and apple trees. A significant interaction (plant treatment x cultivar), however, was observed in the experiment conducted on apple trees. The population of mites feeding on the cv. Jester was not influenced by the JA-Me treatment. This lack of influence by JA-Me treatment was in contrast to what was found with the cultivar Close.
The influence of the addition of Potassium Ekosorb to black soil and sandy soil on water content in soils, gas exchange in leaves and yielding of strawberry plants cultivar Senga Sengana, Dukat, Kent and Elsanta was estimated in a field experiment. The obtained results show that the addition of hydrogel increased content of water in both types of soil; however, the effect was on average twice higher in black soil than in sandy soil. The highest stomatal conductance of leaves, photosynthesis and transpiration were observed in plants cultivated in both black and sandy soil with the addition of 3 g dm⁻³ of hydrogel. The addition of higher dose influenced in an ambiguous way on the values of analyzed features of leaves. Yet, regardless of the applied dose of Ekosorb, the stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis of plants cultivated in black soil were 1.8–2.9 times higher than in sandy soil. The highest yields of fruit on both types of soil were obtained from plants which took advantage of presence of 3 g dm⁻³ of hydrogel. The application of 6 g dm⁻³ influenced on decreasing of plant yields. The weakest reaction on both types of soil occurred in strawberry cultivar Elsanta.
In intensive fruit production, in order to obtain high yields, it is necessary to use high fertilization rates as well as plant protection products. An alternative to that kind of production is presented by natural stimulators of plant growth and development called biofertilizers, biopreparations, biostimulators or phytostimulators. They are prepa­rations of natural (plant or animal) origin, harmless to humans and the environment. Biostimulators contain biologically active substances, i.e. plant hormones, enzymes, macro- and microelements, and other compounds that stimulate the growth and development of plants. New approaches to agriculture tend to use environmentally friendly and safe products with a broad spectrum of activity. Nowadays many preparations offered for crop production are designed not only to fertilize the plants and stimulate their growth, but also to protect them from diseases or pests. Phosphite-containing products act as fertilizers or fungicides, and sometimes as biostimulants. "Resistim" is an activating stimulant and fertilizer composed of a potassium phosphite and natural betaines. Vol. 18(1)2010: 111-124 The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of "Resistim" on the growth and development of three strawberry cultivars (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Two of them are short-day cultivars: 'Honeoye' and 'Elsanta', while 'Selva' is a day-neutral cultivar. The experiment was established in October 2008 under controlled conditions in a glasshouse and was carried out for three months. The plants were planted into a mixture of sandy mineral soil and peat in rhizoboxes enabling visualization of root growth and development. The plants were fertilized with standard NPK fertilization (N - 1.02 g, P - 1.9 g, K - 0.78 g per rhizobox), "Resistim" at the dose of 0.2% and 0.4% and NPK (N - 1.02 g, P - 1.9 g, K - 0.78 g) with "Resistim" at the dose of 0.2% and 0.4%, andwatered by an automatic, computer-controlled watering system. Control plants were not fertilized. The data obtained showed significant differences in the responses of the cultivars to "Resistim" treatment 'Honeoye' was the most responsive, although the other two cultivars also responded positively to the treatment with "Resistim". Further field research is required to determine whether the supplemental application of "Resistim" can be beneficial for strawberry fruit production.
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