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Our paper is a review of published results of tsunami deposit chemical studies. These sediments were deposited by the 26 Dec. 2004 tsunami in southern Thailand. All research was carried out by teams of geologists, chemists, and biologists from Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań.
This research was conducted to determine the effects of two biostimulants (humic acid and biozyme) or three different salt (NaCI) concentrations at the tempera"'15, 20 and 25" C on parsley, leek, celery, tomato, onion, lettuce, basil, radish seed germination. Two applications of both biostimulants increased 'nation of parsley, celery and leek at all temperature treatments. Germination rate decreased depending on high salt concentrations. At different salt and temperature garden cress was characterised by the highest germination percentage to other vegetable species. Interactions between NaCl concentrations and temperatures, as well as biostimulants and temperatures were significant at p = 0.001 in for all vegetable species except onion in NaCl concentrations and temperatures that of the control.
Omówiono współczesne zwyczaje żywieniowe oraz potrzebę ich zmiany. Podkreślono problem nadmiernego spożycia soli oraz rolę soli w przetwarzaniu żywności. Przedstawiono metody umożliwiające obniżenie spożycia soli. Opisano podjęte w Norwegii wysiłki mające na celu obniżenie spożycia tłuszczu.
Salting is a traditional, empirical practice used commonly in dairy farming regions to prevent moulding and heating in hay. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of salting hay on the proliferation of microorganisms, particularly thermophilic actinomycetes and moulds involved in farmer's lung disease. Fifty-one pairs of salted and unsalted hay bales from 14 farms were produced during the haymaking season between March and July. Both the salted and the unsalted bales came from the same field, and were packed and stored under identical conditions. Sampling was performed by microbiological analysis including 6 culture media during the winter following salting (January-February). The use of salt did not significantly decrease the amount of Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula , the actinomycetes most commonly involved in farmer's lung disease, or that of Absidia corymbifera, Eurotium amstelodami and Wallemia sebi, three moulds responsible for farmer's lung disease in eastern France. Our results are important in that they can inform farmers and dispel the false sense of security induced by salting, which is reinforced by the misconception that palatable hay is healthy hay.
To compare the effect of NaCl, CaCl2 and their combinations on germination and early seedling growth stages of Lycopersicum esculentum L., were studied under pot experiments 2008. Results indicated that significant increases were recorded in percentage of germination, seedling fresh and dry weights, seedling length, water content, catalase activity and photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophylls as well as carotenoids) under the low level concentration (20 mM) of NaCl or CaCl and their combination (1:1). On other hand increasing salt concentration in nutrient solution caused significant decrease in all of these parameters. The great reduction occurred under high salinity level of NaCl (50 mM). Meanwhile, peroxidase activity increased significantly with increasing salinity levels from 20 mM to 50 mM of both applied salinity types. Besides, peroxidase activity under NaCl salinity showed a marked increase followed by NaCl + CaCl2 (1:1) and CaCl2 at 50 mM.
The microbial quality and chemical parameters of the pastrami sold in Turkey were analyzed. Numbers of total aerobic bacteria (TAB) and Lactobacillus spp in the samples varied between 10⁵ and 10⁸ cfu/g. Out of 60 samples, 53.3% of the TAB and 48.3% of Lactobacillus spp around 10⁶ cfu/g. Staphylococcus and Micrococcus spp. were between 10³ and 10⁷ cfu/g, though 46.6% around 10⁴ cfu/g. The levels of Enterobacteriaceae and coliform bacteria varied between < 10² and 10³ cfu/g. Most (63.3% and 90.0% respectively) of these two groups were present at < 10² cfu/g while 25.0% were around 10³ cfu/g, and 8.33% around 10² cfu/g, respectively. The levels of yeast and Enterococcus spp. were between < 10² and 10⁴ cfu/g although 56.6% and 41.6% were present at around 10³ cfu/g, respectively. S. aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas spp., sulphite reducing anaerobes, and moulds were < 10² cfu/g in all the samples examined. E. coli O157 H7 and Salmonella spp. were not detected in 25 g. pH levels were between 5.39 and 5.80. Moisture was < 50.0% in 41 samples, and between 51.2 and 54.8% in 19 samples. Salt was < 8.5% in 47 samples and > 8.5% in 13 samples. The pastrami examined in this study was generally, of good hygienic and chemical quality, although the yeast levels were higher than those indicated in TS 1071.
The use of salt to malt ice has definite effects on the environment. Some of these environmental effects are: soil erosion, environmental pollution, changes in mineral nutrition or general destruction of the physiological processes of plants. This use of salt has a negative impact on roadside vegetation and sustainability. The objective of the presented study was to investigate the effects of fulvic and humic organic acids as well as the calcium on growth and chlorophyll content of seven tree species grown under salt stress. Two year old seedlings of – Acer campestre, Aer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer tataricum ssp. ginnala, Ginkgo biloba, Platanus ×hispanica 'Acerifolia' and Tilia cordata were planted to plastic pots (2 dm3 vol). They were planted outdoors in a growing medium compound which had high sphagnum peat, grainy sand and composted pine bark. Salinity stress was maintained by irrigating plants with tap water containing 3.3 g NaCl/L H2O. Different organic fertilizers were used to redce the risk of nutritional stress caused by salinity. Salinity in the growing medium limited the growth of two maple species and littleleaf linden. In other species such A. campestre, A. tataricum ssp. ginnala, G. biloba there were no significant differences when compared to the control group of plants. Severe leaf damage was observed on A. paltanoides where leaf burning was seen on up to 30%of the leaf blade surface. The response to salinity of other species like A. pseudoplatanus, A. tataricum ssp. ginnala, and T. cordata was less evident. Humic organic acids applied alone to the growing medium improved the growth of all the maple species when compared to the control group. A calcium had the best effect on the growth of all tested trees except A. tataricum ssp. ginnala and G. biloba. The chlorophyll content index (CCI) differed according to the growing medium treatment and the species. The total CCI ranged from 9.62 for the control plants P. ×hispanica 'Acerifolia' to 52.64 for G. biloba which had been treated with a calcium. Application of organic fertilizers to the salt treated growing medium increased the CCI in many species.
The effect of CaCl2 and NaCl with anti-corrosion additives (ammonium phosphate and sodium hypochlorite in amount of 3 to 5% of preparation weight), protected by Polish patent no. 198058, applied in concentrations of 4, 8 and 12 g dm-3 on germination and seedling vigour of Lolium perenne L. cv. Solen and Festuca rubra L. cv. Nimba was evaluated. Other studied parameters were: chlorophyll content, chlophyll a fluorescence and biomass accumulation in Canna × generalis, Rosa rugosa L. and Lolium perenne L. under the influence of the above mentioned substances. It was found that application of de-icing substances delayed and reduced germination of grass seedlings and declined root growth. Red fescue was less tolerant for increased salinity in soil than perennial ryegrass. Application of de-icing substances on rugosa rose, canna lilly and perennial ryegrass plants led to decrease of chlorophyll content, potential photochemical efficiency, performance index and biomass accumulation. Without anticorrosion agents the least toxic was calcium chloride and the most sodium chloride. Additives to de-icing road salts, in general, decreased NaCl toxicity and increased toxicity of CaCl2.
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