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Anatomical variations in the musculature of the spine have the potential to cause functional and postural abnormalities, which in turn could lead to chronic myofascial and skeletal pain. We present a unilateral case of a 71-year-old Caucasian female in which the left levator scapulae muscle gave rise to an accessory head that inserted, by way of a flat aponeurotic band, to the ligamentum nuchae, the tendon of the rhomboideus major and the superior aspect of the serratus posterior superior muscle. The innervation was provided by a branch of the dorsal scapular nerve. By exerting unilateral traction on the vertebrae and surrounding musculature, this unusual variation might have resulted in clinical consequences including scoliosis and movement abnormalities of the head and neck as well as myofascial pain syndrome.
We report on a unique combination of multiple variations concerning the pectoral muscles and the left external jugular vein. Specifically, a bilateral hypoplasia of the medial clavicular portion of the pectoralis major muscle was noticed along with the coexistence of total right pectoralis minor aplasia, substituted by loose connective and fatty tissue. Simultaneously, a supernumerary anterior-placed external jugular vein was found, which, after its supraclavicular course, pierced the interval between the left clavicular and the sternocostal head, and drained into the left jugular junction. The combination of the above anomalies constitutes an atypical pattern of Poland syndrome. We discuss the related embryological development and the relative literature. Attention was paid to the clinical importance for plastic surgeons, general surgeons, and radiologists, facilitating them with accurate interpretation of anterior thoracic wall findings. (Folia Morphol 2010; 69, 3: 187–191)
Two groups of turkeys: slow-growing primitive turkeys (SS n = 80 and n = 80) and fast-growing Big-6 turkeys (<$<$ n = 80 and n = 80) were reared in a semi-intensive system: turkey hens until 14th week whereas turkey toms until 22nd week of life. Twelve males and twelve females with body weight corresponding to the mean body weight in a group were selected from each group for slaughter and slaughter performance analysis. A significantly (P < 0.01) higher body weight and weight of all anatomical parts examined were found in both hens and males of Big-6 turkeys. An exception was the weight of abdominal fat (P < 0.05) and weight of gizzard (NS) in males. In turn, Big--6 females were characterized by a significantly (P < 0.01) higher percentage of: breast muscles (by 8.7), leg muscles (by 2.4) and abdominal fat (by 0.9), and significantly (P < 0.01) lower percentage of: wings, heart, liver and gizzard (by respectively: 0.2, 0.1, 0.3 and 1.9) in the body weight. In the case of Big-6 males, analyses demonstrated a significantly (P < 0.01) higher percentage of breast muscles (by 16.5) and leg muscles (by 2.5, P < 0.05), and lower (P < 0.01) percentage of wing, heart, liver and gizzard (by respectively: 0.3, 0.2, 0.7 and 1.5) in the body weight, compared to the primitive turkeys.
The musculature of the marginal hooklets of adult Macrogyrodactylus congolensis (Prudhoe, 1957) Yamaguti, 1963 has been studied. Each marginal hooklet of M. congolensis is associated with three pairs of muscles. The possible role of these muscles in the operation of the marginal hooklet is discussed. Transmission electron microscopy has been used for the first time to study the marginal hooklets of M. congolensis. The handle articulates with the blade in the region of the guard. Internally, the handle, the proximal region of the blade in the articulation region and the distal pointed region of the blade consist of three layers. Distal to the articulation region, the blade consists of four layers with differing electron densities. A cavity is associated with the distal region of the blade and the handle. A cyton containing secretory bodies of different sizes and shapes was found in association with each marginal hooklet. The possible function of these secretions is discussed.
new nematode species, Philometroides acanthopagri sp. nov. (Philometridae), is described from gravid and subgravid specimens found in the musculature near pectoral fins and in nasal cavity of the yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus (Houttuyn) (Sparidae, Perciformes) from marine waters off the coast of southern Iraq. Based on light and scanning electron microscopical examination, the new species differs from its congeners in a combination of morphological and biometrical features. It is the first species of Philometroides reported from a sparid fish and the first representative of this genus recorded from fishes in the Arabian Gulf. A key to Philometroides species parasitizing marine and brackish-water fishes is provided.
The organisation of the neuromuscular system in cercariae, metacercariae and adult Opisthorchis felineus was studied. The patterns of nerves immunoreactive (IR) to antibodies towards serotonin (5-HT) and FMRFamide are described in relation to the musculature, stained with TRITC-conjugated phalloidin. The general organisation of the musculature in the body wall, suckers, pharynx, intestine and sphincter of the excretory pore remains the same from the larval stages to the adult worms. However, the diameter of the individual muscle fibres increases distinctly in the adult worms. The general pattern of 5-HT IR fibres in cercariae, metacercariae and adult O. felineus remains the same. Despite the large increase in body size, the number of 5-HT IR neurones remains almost the same in the cercariae and metacercariae and only a modest increase in number of neurones was observed in the adult worms. Thus the proportion of 5-HT IR neurones/body mass is greatest in the actively moving cercariae. Anti-FMRFamide stains the nervous system strongly.
The entire muscular system of the cercaria of D. pseudospathaceum was studied using a wholemount fluorescence technique with rhodamine-labelled phalloidin. The body-wall musculature of the main body consists of circular, longitudinal and diagonal muscles. The musculature of the tail, anterior organ, ventral sucker, and certain parts of the alimentary tract are distinct. The ultrastructure of the two main types of muscle cells (smooth and cross-striated) were described, as was the differentiation of smooth muscles in particular organs. Muscle cells with two major opposing systems of myofilaments were found in the oesophagus.
Material do badań stanowiły dane liczbowe dotyczące gęsi z dwóch doświadczeń obejmujących: I – 75 samców i 75 samic (wyprowadzenie równań regresji), II - po 21 samców i samic (sprawdzenie wyprowadzonych równań pod względem dokładności szacowania zawartości mięsa i tłuszczu w tuszce). Stwierdzono, że masa płata skóry z tłuszczem podskórnym i masa tuszki bez tego płata stanowią bardzo dobre wskaźniki, odpowiednio: otłuszczenia (r>0.99) i umięśnienia (r>0.92) całej tuszki gęsiej. Wyprowadzone na podstawie tych cech równania regresji charakteryzuje duża przydatność zastosowawcza. Spośród nich na potrzeby doświadczalnictwa można polecić następujące: 1) Ẑ = 1.13X3 + 37.66 (Sz = 16.9g) 2) Ŷ = 0.62X4 +56.64 (Sy = 37.3g) 3) Ŷ = O.5OX4+ 1.12X5+ 58.94 (Sy = 32.1g) gdzie: Ẑ - masa skóry z tłuszczem w tuszce (g), Ŷ- masa mięsa w tuszce (g), X3 - masa płata skóry (g), X4 - masa tuszki bez płata skóry (g), X5 - masa mięśni piersiowych (g)
Przeprowadzono analizę statystyczną danych liczbowych dotyczących dwóch grup ka­czek w typie pekin, poddanych ubojowi w wieku 8 tygodni: 1-97 samców i 102 samice (obliczenie współczynników korelacji i równań regresji) II - po 20 samców i samic rodów A-l i A-44 (sprawdzenie wyprowadzonych równań pod względem dokładności szacowania zawartości mięsa i tłuszczu w tuszce za pomocą opracowanych równań). Stwierdzono, że masa skóry z tłuszczem podskórnym z tuszki bez skrzydeł (X2) stanowi bardzo dobry wskaźnik zawartości skóry łącznie z tłuszczem podskórnym i międzymięśniowym w całej tuszce (r>0.99), a masa tuszki bez skrzydeł i skóry z tłuszczem podskórnym (X3) - dobry wskaźnik umięśnienia tuszki (r>0.96). Wyprowadzone równania regresji prostej i wielokrotnej charakteryzuje duża dokład­ność szacowania zawartości mięsa (Ŷ) i tłuszczu łącznie ze skórą (Ž) w tuszce. Spośród nich, do wykorzystania w doświadczalnictwie można zalecić równania 3 i 6 z tabeli 3.
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