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The described continuous acid phosphatase assay is based on kinetics of the release of 1-naphthol in the course of the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of 1-naphthyl phosphate, measured at 320 nm in aqueous solution and at 322 nm in sodium-bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate isooctane-water reverse micelles in a broad pH range (1.0-8.2). The method allows precise determination of the initial rate of the reaction and therefore may be used in the steady-state and pre-steady-state studies on the phosphatase-catalyzed reaction. The kinetic parameters (Km and kcat) for human prostatic acid phosphatase in aqueous solution and in reverse micelles, at pH 3.8, 4.5 and 5.7, by the proposed 1-naphthyl phosphate assay have been determined.
It has become increasingly apparent that vesicular drag delivery elicits modest possessions in drag targeting. Transfersomes are a form of elastic or deformable vesicle, which were first introduced in the early 1990s. Elasticity can be achieved by using an edge activator in the lipid bilayer stracture. Molecules greater than 500 Da normally do not cross the skin. This prevents epicutaneous delivery of the high molecular weight therapeutics as well as non-invasive trans-cutaneous immunisation. Transdermal route will always remain a lucrative area for drag delivery. With the advent of new categories of drugs like peptides this route has captured more focus to combat the problems related to their delivery through oral route. But the transdermal route is equally filled with the hopes and disappointments as the transport of drag through this route faces many problems especially for the large molecules. To answer this problem many approaches were adopted. One of the very recent approaches is the use of ultra-defonnable carrier systems (transfersomes). They have been used as drag carriers for a range of smali molecules, peptides, proteins and vaccines, both in vitro and in vivo. Transfersomes penetrate through the pores of stratum comeum which are smaller than its size and get into the underlying viable skin in intact form. This is because of its deformable nature. The aim of this article is explanation the formation of micelle and vesicles, various types of vesicles, specifically focusing on transfersomes.
A series of flavonols with different hydrophilic and lipophilic substituents has been synthesized. Their fluorescent properties in water and cationic, anionic and neutral micellar media have been investigated. It is established that flavonols with negatively charged hydrophilic substituents allow one to observe a clear response to the charge of micelles by a change in ratio of the intensities of their two emission bands or by considerable shifts of emission maximum. This suggests that flavonols may be very promising fluorescence probes for biomembrane surface charge. They operate on the basis of a new principle, excited-state phototautomerization, and may allow convenient two-wavelength ratiometric detection.
The effect of counterion size on the electrical properties of an electrolyte solution in contact with charged planar, cylindrical and spherical surfaces is considered. Electrostatic interaction is considered by means of the mean electrostatic field, while the finite size of particles constituting the electrolyte solution is considered via the excluded volume effect within the lattice statistics. Different sizes of counterion are described by different values of the lattice constant. It is shown that the excluded volume effect considerably decreases the calculated number density of counterions near the charged surface. This effect is more pronounced in cylindrical geometry than in spherical geometry, and less pronounced than in planar geometry.
Formation of micelles of the fourteen-carbon amphiphilic ammonium salt (N,N,N - trimethylglycinetetradecyl ester chloride - AS V-14), was studied using the ESR spin probe method. The probe used was 2-hexyl-2-[11-methoxy-11-oxoundecyl]-4,4-dimethyl-3oxazolidinyloxy [Met (5,10)]. The micelles formation process was signalized by changes in ESR spectra of a probe. The probe spectrum in aqueous environment has the shape of one broad line, whereas three narrow lines are observed in a hydrophobic environment. The study showed that the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of the AS V-14 compound amounts to about 1.7 mM. This agrees approximately with the value obtained from calorimetric measurements (1.9 ± 0.1 mM). After addition of oleic acid into the solution (by intensive shaking) it was found that AS V-14 micelles start to form at concentration of about 0.07 mM. The reduction in the CMC value may be caused by formation of mixed micelles, containing AS V-14 and fatty acid.
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