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Protoeconomics - elements of economics in antiquity

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Subject and purpose of work: The work presents the emergence and shaping of basic economic issues since the dawn of human economic activity. Contemporary views on important economic issues have their roots in antiquity. The shaping of concepts such as money, interest, contract, credit as a part of the law, began a long time ago and exerted an influence on the way they are understood today. Materials and methods: The basis for the considerations is the study of literature on the history of the development of economics and the science of management in economic, philosophical and ethical aspects. The work has shown the non-linear nature of the development of new phenomena emerging in volatile political, technical, religious and moral conditions, which are largely spontaneous, and a reciprocal overlap of various fields of knowledge in a general and individual sense. Particular discoverers were found to present a wide spectrum of interests. Results: Historically, the development of economic knowledge began with the issues from the border of economics and management, from microeconomics (household) to macroeconomics (money); little information concerns large undertakings such as irrigation systems, pyramids or waging wars. Conclusions: Generally speaking - monarchs’ edicts came before the deliberations of thinkers, concrete reasoning came before abstract considerations.
Numerous legal defects and a lack of economic instruments make it difficult to implement spatial policy at all levels of management. The most acute shortcomings include the following: - Land Development Conditions Decisions (Planning Permits) which practically disintegrate space, - Frequent lack of the compliance between Local Physical Plans and the Municipality's spatial policy formulated in the Study of Spatial Development Conditions and Directions, - lack of balancing land needs with the expenditures allocated for transportation and technical infrastructure.
As far as the member states of the European Union are concerned, it can be said that besides the declining proportion of agricultural workers, even the number of young farmers is constantly decreasing. In the strategy of Europe 2020: The intelligent, sustainable and inclusive growth, young agricultural growers are devoted a prominent role as taking the future of agriculture into consideration, this role is essential. In my research I am investigating the young smallholders of the southern region of the Great Hungarian Plain focusing on the young farmers of Homokhátság, as a significant section where there are agricultural properties of land of really poor quality. The farmers in Homokhátság dealing with fruit-and vine-growing or arable vegetable growing have tried to find the most suitable forms of agriculture. These characteristics cannot be found in other territories with poor fertility properties so Homokhátság can be considered as a good example. Having the results, I would like to find answers to questions like what motivated the young farmers to start dealing with agriculture, how they see their prospects for the future and what sorts of challenges they face in our age. According to the opinion of the young farmers, the new land law which came into force on 1st May 2014 did not have a positive influence on the chances of their getting a property of land. Due to the arable prices risen recently only farmers with more capital are able to buy properties. Cooperation is less popular among the youngsters and only some of the respondents were aware of the concept of machinery rings.
The aim of this article is to present an overview of the Ukrainian legislation on land-use restrictions and zoning regulation. The first part focuses on general law issues concerning land-use restrictions. The second part discusses different types of land-use restrictions according to special law regulation. The third part of the article focuses on legislation concerning certain types of land-use restrictions based on planning decisions, including land-use zoning and land development.
The article presents the legal rules concerning the conduct of marine scientific research in Polish maritime areas by either Polish or the foreign researchers in the light of the international law and the relevant Polish national legislation. According to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea the foreign researchers have to apply for an express consent of the respective Polish administrative board in order to conduct marine scientific research in Polish marine territory. In Polish exclusive economic zone the consent may be either express or implied. Poland is entitled to withhold, cease or suspend the consent only under certain circumstances determined in accordance with international law. Concerning Polish nationals no consent is required. The compare of Polish national legislation and appropriate regulations of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea indicates a high degree of compatibility.
The paper presents the role of business code of ethics in the process of building safety culture within an enterprise. The paper is based on the assumption, that an effective safety culture of an enterprise, must be founded on the values espoused by its employees. The issues of health and safety are rarely addressed in the enterprises’ codes of ethics. The paper presents the essence and functions of code of ethics, process of its formation, the importance of health and safety records in these codes.
In the paper there was presented an issue of the law of diminishing returns in agriculture. It was shown, that despite its general character, it is impossible to satisfactorily explain issues of input´s transformation into output in a farming process in agriculture.
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