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According to the World Health Organization, consumption of table salt (being a major carrier of iodine in human diet) should be reduced of 50%. Vegetables biofortified with iodine can become an alternative source of this element for humans. Agronomic recommendations with reference to biofortification have to be developed, including the evaluation of side-effects associated with iodine application to plants. Iodine is not an essential element for plants and hence its effect on crops has not yet been diagnosed. The aim of the study has been to assess the influence of soil fertilization with KI and foliar application of KIO3 on the success of iodine biofortification as well as the mineral composition of lettuce. Lettuce cv. Melodion F1 was cultivated in a field experiment in 2008-2009. Combinations with different soil fertilization and foliar nutrition with iodine were distinguished in the research including: control (without iodine application), three combinations with presowing soil fertilization of iodine (in the form of KI) in doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 kg I ha–1 as well three combinations with four applications of foliar nutrition with iodine solution (as KIO3) in the concentration of: 0.0005%, 0.005% and 0.05% after using 1000 dm3 of working solution per 1 ha so that the following amounts of iodine were applied: 0.02, 0.2 and 2.0 kg I ha–1, respectively. In lettuce heads, the iodine content as well as the content of: P, K, Mg, Ca, S, Na, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Mo, Al, Cd and Pb were determined using the ICP-OES technique, while N-total was assayed by Kjeldahl method. In comparison to the control, only foliar nutrition with 0.05% solution of iodine significantly improved accumulation of this element in lettuce. At the same time, a lower level of nitrogen nutrition was observed in plants from this combination. A significant increase in the N-total content was found only in lettuce plants fed with 2.0 kg I ha–1 dose of KI. In reference to the control, both foliar and soil application of iodine contributed to a higher content of K, Mg, Ca, Mn and Cd as well as a decreased level of P, Cu and Zn in lettuce. Doses, forms and application methods of iodine were found to have produced diverse effects on the content of S, Na, B, Fe, Mo, Al and Pb in lettuce plants.
The influence of iodine-iodide solution on (he biochemical and immunological properties of human thyroglobulin (hTg) were studied. Human Tg preincubated with the iodine-iodide solution is split to small molecular mass fragments after disulphide bridge reduction with dithiothreitol. The peptide bond cleavage by iodine pretreatment and reduction is possibly linked with the coupling reaction of diiodotyrosyl residues. Pretreatment of hTg with iodine-iodide solution at 1 -10 |iM decreased the binding of autoantibodies to hTg. The iodine-iodide induced inactivation of hTg autoepitopes is pH dependent and is possibly caused by iodination of tyrosyl residues present in the epitope structure.
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Based on the literature, this study presents the main problems associated with introducing iodine into food. The problem of iodization of table salt and its use in the production of processed food is analysed. This method of enriching the human diet with iodine is linked to the over-consumption of salt, and thus to the risk of hypertension and kidney disease. Because of the need to reduce consumption of table salt, alternative methods of supplying the body with iodine are gaining in popularity. Described are attempts to fortify foods of plant origin with iodine. One alternative method of enriching food with iodine is the cultivation of plants fertilized with iodine. The results are presented of experiments aimed at the cultivation of vegetables enriched with iodine and analysed methods of iodine fertilization: foliar application, soil application and hydroponic cultures. Also discussed are the problem of the effects of iodine, not only on yield, but also on selected physiological processes taking place in plants which are responsible for the biological quality of the crop.
Iodine is very quickly and almost completely absorbed from the skin and intestines. It is trapped and concentrated in the thyroid and converted there into organic iodine. During intensive follicle growth of laying hens (birds), the ovaries collect iodine same as the thyroid gland, it enters the placenta where it is incorporated in the fetus, and after birth iodine is accumulated in the milk. Thyroid, milk, egg, hair and blood vessels reflect the iodine status of animals (and man) best. Symptoms of iodine deficiency in ruminants, mono gastric species (and man) are considerably similar. A diet with < 100 µg I/kg food dry matter significantly lowered the feed intake of goats, depressed the growth rate, the success of first insemination and the conception rate, and significantly increased the abortion rate, the days of pregnancy and the mortality of the kids and their mothers. The weight of the thyroid increased 400 fold in the kids and < 250 fold in the adults. The thyroids of kids and mothers, blood serum, biestings, milk and hair decreased to a quarter or third of the normal iodine amount. All organs significantly reflect the iodine status of farm animals (milk, blood serum, thyroid, hair). After intrauterine iodine depletion, hairlessness is common. Adults suffer from infertility, and semen quality is low. Glucosinolates intensify the iodine deficiency symptoms same as selenium and zinc deficiency. Iodine overload exists in all species of farm animals (feed intake lowered, growth depression, sexual development slow-down, reduced ovulation and egg production, apathetic reactions, depressed immune status, increased thyroid). The toxic limits are > 5 mg I/kg feed DM in horses, > 50 mg in calves and sheeps, > 150 mg in chicken and 350 mg/kg feed DM in hens and pigs.
Standard mineral–vitamin premix (with 15 mg of Se and 150 mg of I) was applied to NK–Lohmann feed for the control group (C), and enriched premix, with doubled concentration of Se (30 mg·kg–1) and I (300 mg·kg–1), was fed to the experimental group (E) of Lohmann Brown laying hens in an egg production farm. The enriched premix contained also 50% more vitamin E (1500 mg·kg–1). After four weeks of application of the increased levels of Se and I, increased concentrations of selenium, by mean 13.9% ( = 0.401 mg∙kg–1 of wet weight), and of iodine, by 52.6% ( = 1.055 mg·kg–1 of wet weight), were observed in egg content of the experimental group.
Zmodyfikowano zawartą w Polskiej Normie metodę spektrofotometryczną oznaczania jodku potasowego w soli. Przeprowadzono walidacją metody określając jej precyzję, dokładność oraz liniowość.
The study aimed at finding out how to replace the unstable iodine additives by the stable ones in feeding of laying hens. The control hens received potassium iodide (1 mg of iodine/kg of feed), the feed of trial groups was supplemented with dry stable concentrated iodine "Jodis" (1 mg and 4 mg of iodine/kg of feed). In the control group the amount of iodine in eggs was 5.8 µg/100 g, in the trial groups - 7.2 and 17.2 µg/100 g (by 24% and 196 % more), respectively. The amount of iodine was 0.8 µg/100 g in the liver of control layers; 0.9 and 1.0 µg/100 g in the liver of trial groups (by 12.5% and 25.0 % more), respectively.
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