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The peculiarities of heavy metals accumulation by wild medicinal and fruit plants. The article shows the results of studies of heavy metals accumulation by wild medicinal and fruit plants. Special attention is given to the investigation of roadside phytocenoses. Reliable differences in chemical composition of plants from background and transformed habitats are revealed. The influence of morphological and phenological characteristics of the species on the peculiarities of heavy metals accumulation is also determined.
A severe white rot decay of a very old mango (Mangifera indica L.) tree trunk was observed form Himachal Pradesh, a hilly state of north India. The initial of decaying symptoms were firstly noticed in 2010 which progressed with destructive tissue death of tree trunk. A spongy, sessile, bracket-fungus was found associated with the decay. Morphological and microscopic examination of the collected specimens confirmed the fungus as Phellinus gilvus (Schw.) Pat. Since, P. gilvus is a saprobic fungus having a wide host range worldwide and M. indica is one of the most attacked hosts in India. Therefore, the present report is an important addition to the existing knowledge which will be helpful in understanding the pathogen diversity and interaction with host.
Current study was undertaken to highlight the effect of pruning on improving vigor of old orchards and increasing performance in terms of fruit yield and quality under water and nutrient stressed condition of mid hills of Eastern Himalaya. Guava was taken for the case study and all the physical and chemical properties of the fruits and other attributes of plant were evaluated using standard methods under three pruning intensities (light, moderate and severe) and no pruning. The emergence of bud was earliest in severe pruning, number of buds per shoot was highest with light pruning and cumulative lengths of new shoots were found to be highest in severe pruning. Fruit yield, size and weight were found to increase with pruning intensities and lowest in case of no pruning. Regarding chemical properties, total soluble solids and total sugar found to increase with enhanced pruning severity and least in case of no pruning. Acidity was found to be highest with no pruning and decrease with increase in pruning intensities. Overall pruning found to have rejuvenating impact on aged trees due to better light interception leading to better photosynthetic rate, better nutrient and water supply with reduced canopy and better quality yields.
A protocol has been developed for an efficient tissue culture cycle (callus induction, callus growth, plant regeneration and root induction) for date palm 'Khalas' using various plant growth regulators (PGR) in both liquid and solidified MS medium. The shoot explants showed high callus induction potential on MS medium supplemented with 45.24 ^M 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) followed by 54.21 ^M 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). The highest frequency of shoot regeneration (85%) and number of shoots per an explant (5.6) were obtained on solid MS medium supplemented with 7.84 ^M N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Rooting (87.34%) was high on solid MS medium supplemented with 24.6 ^M indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). However, the root length was higher in MS liquid medium. This protocol will be useful for rapid, large-scale propagation of 'Khalas' date palm.
Micropropagation of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is a widely used technique to produce plantlets in commercial horticulture. Unfortunately, in contrast to propagation based on runners, it is also an expensive method and may lead to obtaining plants with changed phenotype. In order to reduce such problems, the influence of chemical method of medium sterilization (application of commercial home bleach – ACE®) instead of autoclaving on the development of in vitro cultures of four strawberry cultivars (‘Elsanta’, ‘Elkat’, ‘Senga Sengana’, ‘Polka’) was examined. The presented study proved that sodium hypochlorite added into the hot medium is very effective, making aseptic environment agent. Applied in tested dose (2 cm3 of ACE® per dm–3) is not harmful to strawberry in vitro cultures and usually causes positive changes in their development (reduced formation of adventitious shoots and callus), except for ‘Elsanta’ cultivar. Thus the application of media sterilized with sodium hypochlorite is beneficial and cost effective and may be recommended both for commercial and especially amateur strawberry micropropagation.
The genotypes of the strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa), apple (Malus domestica) and Ribes species (R. nigrum, R. rubrum and R. glossularia), maintained in our Institute’s collection and used in breeding programs, were screened for DNA markers. Twenty primers for RAPD (among 60 tested) and seven for ISSR (among 10 tested) were chosen as creating polymorphic DNA bands differentiating the investigated genotypes. Based on those identity markers, the genetic distance between genotypes was determined, and their relatedness was estimated. In many cases, both RAPD- and ISSR-based genetic similarity confirmed relatedness connected with biological origin and with the place where the cultivar was developed. However, some diversity connected with the technique used for molecular marker generation was observed. Generally, the similarity values based on ISSR data were higher than those based on RAPD. Parallel study using two data sets seems to enable a reduction in the number of potential mistakes connected with each method’s, technical limitations and ensures more precise relatedness determination.
W pracy przedstawiono rezultaty trzyletnich badań z nawadnianiem i nawożeniem mineralnym NPK brzoskwini odmiany Redhaven i wiśni odmiany Łutówka. Dotyczyły one między innymi oddziaływania wymienionych zabiegów na plonowanie oraz zawartość azotu ogólnego i azotanów w liściach, owocach oraz glebie lekkiej. Stwierdzono, że plony owoców brzoskwini i wiśni wyraźnie wzrosły pod wpływem nawadniania i nawożenia, zwłaszcza w efekcie współdziałania obu zabiegów. Zaobserwowano także wyraźne obniżenie koncentracji azotu ogólnego i azotanów w liściach oraz owocach ocenianych gatunków roślin pod wpływem nawadniania, natomiast wzrost pod wpływem zwiększonych dawek nawożenia NPK. Oba zabiegi zwiększały aktywność reduktazy azotanowej w liściach brzoskwini i wiśni. Zmiany w glebie zarówno w jej wierzchniej, jak i głębszej warstwie dotyczyły głównie wzrostu zawartości azotu ogólnego i jego mineralnych form pod wpływem nawożenia.
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