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The paper aims to describe the development of organie farming in Ukrainę and the prospects of its growth based on the paradigm of innovation diffusion. The paper argues that development of organie farming in Ukraine could be considered not only as a source of positive externality for the economy, but in micro scale, as innovation that generates competitive advantages through food supply chain.
A new approach has been developed to study binding of a ligand to a macromolecule based on the diffusion process. In terms of the Fick's first law, the concentration of free ligand in the presence of a protein can be determined by the measurement of those ligands which are diffused out. This method is applied to the study of binding of methyl-orange to lysozyme in phosphate buffer of pH 6.2, at 30°C. The binding iso­therm was determined initially, followed by application of the Hill equation to the data obtained, then binding constant and binding capacity were estimated.
N3-(4-Methoxyfumaroyl)-L-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid (FMDP) and 2-amino-2- deoxy-D-glucitol-6-phosphate (ADGP) are strong inhibitors of the essential fungal en­zyme, glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase, but their antifungal activity is poor, due to slow penetration of these agents through the cytoplasmic membrane. In the present studies we have exploited the possibility of enhancement of ADGP and FMDP antifungal activity by improving their transport properties. It has been found that membrane-permeabilising polyene macrolides amphotericin B (AMB) and its .N-methyl-^-fructosyl methyl ester derivative (MF-AME), at subinhibitory concentra­tions, facilitate diffusion of ADGP through the fungal cell membrane, thus allowing a decrease of its minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Synergistic effects have been observed for combinations of ADGP with AMB or MF-AME. Fractional inhibitory con­centration (FIC) indexes, determined against a number of Candida spp., have been in the 0.18-0.81 range. Weak antifungal synergistic effects have been found for combi­nations of FMDP with AMB or MF-AME.ADGP can be easily encapsulated into unilamellar lipid vesicles. Liposomal preparations of ADGP demonstrated stronger antifungal activity against some fungal strains than free ADGP.
The survey of 5 Kujawsko-Pomorskie villages carried out in 2001 in Poland shows that in rural communities there are hierarchical formal and informal structures and the inhabitants are able to separate and indicate their leaders. Most of the informal opinion leaders also perform some formal duties. Farmers who are considered to be leaders of the local community own farms with more potential than other persons, they are better educated than others, they do not differ in respect of age from their imitators although the position of a leader is most frequently occupied by people aged more than 50 than 30-40. The examined leaders have successors which may motivate them even more to maintain their farms at a good level. Leaders compared with other farmers value more outside sources of information, and they feel more need to introduce changes, they are also more interested in getting familiar with novelties. Leaders of the examined populations more often than the other farmers declared a need to intensify cooperation with advisors. The research proved that TV is a very important source of information for all the people regardless their social status. The lower the education level is the more valued television is as a source of information. Advisors are more appreciated by better educated respondents. The higher education of the farmers the more they appreciate advisors as information sources and the more willing they are to introduce innovations to they farms.
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