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Characteristics of muscle fibers of breast and leg muscles of grey partridges Perdix perdix. The experimental material included grey partridges Perdix perdix L. planned for reintroduction into the natural habitat, reared at the Game Breeding Center on the area of Mazovia Province. 10 females and 10 males were selected for slaughter. The birds were slaughtered in poultry abattoir and specimens of their pectoral superficial muscle (pectoralis superfi cialis) and biceps femoris muscle (biceps femoris) were sampled. A greater diameter of fibers was determined for breast muscles. The study did not show any effect of sex on muscle fiber diameter of breast and leg muscles of grey partridges Perdix perdix.
5´-Nucleotidase specific towards dCMP and AMP was isolated from avian breast muscle and characterized. It was found to be similar to a type-I form (cN-I) identified earlier as the AMP-selective 5´-nucleotidase responsible for adenosine formation during ATP breakdown in transfected COS-7 cells. Expression pattern of the cN-I gene in pigeon tissues indicated breast muscle as a rich source of the transcript. We purified the enzyme from this source using two-step chromatography and obtained an active homogenous preparation, free of ecto-5´-nucleotidase activity. The tissue content of the activity was calculated at 0.09 U/g wet weight. The specific activity of the enzyme preparation was 4.33 U/mg protein and it preferred dCMP and AMP to dAMP and IMP as a substrate. Its kinetic properties were very similar to those of the enzyme purified earlier from heart tissue. It was strongly activated by ADP. Inhibition by inorganic phosphate was more pronounced than in heart-isolated cN-I. Despite this difference, a similar physiological function is suggested for cN-I in both types of muscle.
Proteolysis and lipid oxidation in the vacuum-packed leg and breast muscles from Mullard drakes stored at 1°C were studied. As proteolysis indicators there were determined proteolytic activity, contents of amino nitrogen and free amino acids (FAA), and TBARS values as indicators of oxidative changes. Changes were also determined in the proteolytic activity, TBARS values and contents of: amino nitrogen and FAA. As a result, 18 FAA were found in breast muscles and 19 in leg and their total contents after 1 day of storage were 184.39 mg/100 g tissue, and 233.33 mg/100 g tissue (respectively). In the case of breast muscles a significant increase in the content of detected FAA (except Pro) was noted after 13 days of storage and in the leg muscles (except Asp) after 5 days of storage. It was established that the proteolytic activity decreased (ca. 38%) in breast after 18 days and in leg (ca. 30%) after 5 days of storage. The content of amino nitrogen significantly increased in breast muscles after 18 days and in leg muscles after 5 days of storage. During storage, TBARS values were observed to increase continuously in breast muscles, whereas in legs they first increased after 5 days and then were observed to decrease.
Effect of copper nanoparticles and copper sulfate administered in ovo on copper content in breast muscle, liver and spleen of broiler chickens. The initial experimental material included 300 hatching eggs of Hubbard Flex chickens. The eggs were divided into three groups: control, NanoCu and CuSO4. Eggs from groups NanoCu and CuSO4 were subjected to in ovo injection to the air cell of egg. Experimental solutions were administered by in ovo injection using a sterile needle and a 0.3 mL syringe as follows: NanoCu – colloid of copper nanoparticles, concentration 50 ppm; and CuSO4 – colloid of copper sulfate, concentration 50 ppm. The eggs were incubated under standard conditions. After hatching, 50 chicks were selected from each group for 42-day rearing. The birds were fed standard feed concentrates for broilers. In that last day of rearing (42 day), 12 females and 12 males were selected from each group. The right part of their breast muscle, their liver and spleen were collected for copper content determinations. Results of this experiment confirm previous scientific reports which demonstrate that the greatest accumulation of copper is observed in soft organs like liver or spleen.
The experiment was conducted on 930 slow-growing chickens from the crossing of a Cobb male and Greenleg Partridge female. The chicks were randomly assigned to two groups: control (BW) which did not have access to a free run and the experimental group (W) using the grassy runs from 4 weeks of age. The experiment showed a statistical effect of sex on breast (P < 0.01) and leg (P < 0.05) muscle fiber diameter in CobbxZk hybrid roosters. There were no significant gender-dependent differences in the surface area of the muscles tested. No effect was either reported of the rearing system on the histological picture of breast and leg muscles.
The experiment was conducted with 60 slow-growing Hubbard JA 957 broilers and with 60 Silkies chickens reared until the 63rd day of life, in three replications, 20 birds each, in a closed building on litter. A three-stage feeding program was applied in the rearing period. Feed mixtures used in the experiment did not differ in contents of nutrients. In the first stage of rearing (till 21 days of life) the chickens were fed a standard starter feed mixture containing: 20.98% of total protein, 2,845 kcal/kg of me-tabolizable energy, 1.17% of lysine and 0.98% of met. + cys. In the period from 22 to 56 days of life they were receiving a grower type mixture containing: 20.0% of total protein, 2,900 kcal/kg of energy, 1.04% of lysine and 0.88% of met. + + cys., whereas contents of these components in the finisher type mixture administered till the end of the rearing period were as follows: 18% of protein, 2,965 kcal/kg of EM, 0.90% of lysine and 0.78% of met. + cys. On day 63 of rearing, 12 cockerels and 12 hens were selected random from each group. The birds were slaughtered in a poultry slaughter house, and specimens of their major breast muscle (m. pectoralis superficialis) and thigh muscle (biceps femoris) were sampled for analyses. The breast and leg muscles of the birds were characterized by diversified diameters of muscle fibers depending on bird genotype. The greatest diameters were found in breast and leg muscles of the slow-growing Hubbard JA 957 broilers, which was confirmed statistically (P < 0.01). It was also demonstrated that the mean diameter of muscle fibers of Silkies chickens was more than two times smaller compared to the Hubbard JA 957 chickens.
The aim of the study was to assess the effect of lysozyme with varying activity on the microbiological stability and sensory attributes of chicken breast muscles. Lysozyme solutions with the activities of 2 400, 6 000 and 12 000 U/ml, applied in the experiment, were sprayed onto the surface of the muscles. Microbiological analysis was conducted on the day of production, as well as after 48, 72, 120 and 144 hours of storage at the temperature of 4°C. Total count of aerobic bacteria was determined along with the determination of indicator and pathogenic bacteria. Sensory analysis was performed evaluating the appearance, colour, texture and aroma of the meat. It results from the conducted examinations concerning chicken breast muscles that lysozyme exhibited inhibitory action towards aerobic and indicator bacteria. The application of a lysozyme solution with the activity of 12 000 U/ml proved especially effective, as it reduced the number of aerobic bacteria twenty times. The obtained results indicated that lysozyme may be an effective agent prolonging the wholesomeness of portioned poultry meat.
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