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In Poland nearly 40% of land under agricultural use is characterised by a progressing deficit of copper available to plants. Inventory studies revealed that 25% of rapeseed plantations are undernourished with this component. The objective of the study was to estimate the yield-forming effects of foliar and soil fertilisation of rapeseed with copper, to identify the optimum dose of Cu for the crop species, and to compare the effects of the two methods of application on the quality of the seeds. The study comprised two three-year strict field experiments, in which pre-sowing fertilisation of rapeseed with copper was applied at rates of 4, 8 and 12 kg Cu⋅ha-1, as well as foliar spraying at the optimum dose of 250 Cu g⋅ha-1 in the phase of closed bud. The experiments were set up on light soils of acid and light acid reaction and with a low or medium content of available copper. Significant increases in rapeseed yields, compared to the control treatment (without Cu), were obtained in treatments fertilised to the soil with doses of 8 and 12 kg Cu⋅ha-1 and in the treatment with foliar spraying. In plants from treatments without copper fertilisation, insufficient levels of the content of this component were found. Sufficient copper nutrition of plants caused a significant increase in yields of rape seeds. In some of the treatments, there was a tendency for the copper content in seeds to increase favourably, especially in the case of foliar application and of the higher copper doses applied to the soil. Also, some cases of increased oil content in seeds were recorded, even by several percent compared to seeds from treatments without Cu fertilisation. With the existing copper deficit in soils in Poland, fertilisation of rapeseed with this component appears to be crucial.
Brassica oilseed crops have very high sulfur requirements. The progressive decrease in the sulfur content of soil, the growing share of cruciferous vegetables in agricultural ecosystems and a significant drop in annual wet and dry deposition of sulfur have prompted a growing body of research into sulfur as a valuable fertilizer ingredient. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sulfur fertilizers applied to soil on nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur concentrations in the root residues, straw and oil cake of winter and spring rapeseed. The experimental material was collected from a field experiment conducted in 2005-2008 at the Agricultural Experiment Station in Bałcyny (Poland). The highest concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium and sulfur were noted in the oil cake of both winter and spring rapeseed. Potassium levels were highest in the root residues of winter and spring rapeseed. Winter rapeseed accumulated the highest amounts of calcium in roots, and spring rapeseed – in straw. Sulfur fertilizers applied to soil decreased nitrogen concentrations and increased calcium and sulfur levels in the roots of both spring and winter rapeseed, whereas phosphorus concentrations increased only in the roots of winter rapeseed. Sulfur fertilization led to a drop in the potassium content of winter rapeseed roots (by 0.7 g kg-1 DM) and an increase in potassium levels in spring rapeseed roots (by 1.2 g kg-1 DM). The application of sulfur fertilizers significantly increased potassium and sulfur concentrations in the straw of both spring and winter rapeseed (by 1.3-1.7 and 0.5-0.6 g kg-1 DM, respectively). The application of sulfur fertilizers at optimal doses for winter rapeseed significantly increased the calcium content of straw (by 1.3 g kg-1 DM), but did not lead to differences in nitrogen levels. Sulfur fertilization significantly reduced nitrogen (by 0.7 g kg-1 DM) and calcium (by 0.6 g kg-1 DM) concentrations of spring rapeseed straw. The content of all the analyzed macronutrients increased significantly in spring rapeseed oil cake in response to sulfur fertilization. Sulfur also increased the concentrations of the evaluated macronutrients, excluding nitrogen and phosphorus, in winter rapeseed oil cake.
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Effect of sulfur on the quality of winter rape seeds

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The paper presents the results of three-year (2000-2003) experiments to determine the effect of the date of sulfur application (fall + spring or spring only) and the fertilizer rate (0, 30, 60, 90 kg⋅ha-1) on the usability of winter rape seeds. The pre-sowing and the spring rates of sulfur as well as the rate applied entirely in the spring did not lead to significant variations in crude fat concentrations, but a clear tendency towards an increase in the total protein content was observed in rape seeds. A one-way increase was reported to the level of 60 kg S⋅ha-1. An increase in the sulfur rate (regardless of the date of application) to 90 kg⋅ha-1 raised the concentrations of alkene glucosinolates, mainly gluconapin and progoitrin, and – to a lesser degree – of indole glucosinolates, mainly 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, in rape seed cv. Lisek. The splitting of the total sulfur rate into two rates (fall + spring) caused a higher increase in the concentrations of gluconapin, progoitrin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin than a single rate application in the spring.
A controlled field experiment was carried out in 2011-2014 in order to determine yields and chemical composition of selected genotypes of leguminous plants and spring wheat, as well as their value as a preceding crop (crop volume, mineral composition of seeds) for winter oilseed rape grown in Northern Poland. Chemical analysis of the content of macronutrients and micronutrients in seeds and grain was conducted using standard methods after mineralisation in H2SO4 with H2O2 as an oxidant (macronutrients), or in a mixture of the acids HNO3+HCl+HClO4 (micronutrients). It was proven that among the examined species and seasonal types of legumes, the highest total seed and protein yield volume was obtained from both field bean forms, traditional and determinate one. The lowest yield was achieved from blue lupine. The yield of winter wheat grain oscillated around 5.6 t ha-1. Blue lupine seeds were characterised by the highest total protein content. Seeds of both field bean forms were distinguished by the highest content of potassium, phosphorus, copper and zinc, while blue lupine seeds had the highest content of calcium, magnesium and manganese. The research showed a clear tendency towards a higher winter oilseed rape yield in a field after determinate field bean and seed pea. Spring wheat proved to be the worst previous crop for winter oilseed rape. The tendency for greater accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, copper, iron and zinc in winter oilseed rape seeds was observed in a field after determinate field bean. The lowest content of macronutrients and micronutrients was characteristic for seeds of winter oilseed rape grown after spring wheat. Winter oilseed rape seeds in a field after determinate field bean and blue lupine were rich in manganese. The research proved a positive relationship between the total nitrogen content in soil after harvest of pre-crop plants and winter oilseed rape seeds yield (r = 0.864).
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