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In this study the contribution of tocotrienols to the total tocols of three varieties of rye grain (Amilo, Warko and Dańkowskie Złote), their morphological fractions, milling products and breads made from them was shown. Tocotrienols (a-T3, b-T3, g-T3) and tocopherols (a-T, b-T, g-T, d-T) were extracted with methanol and separated by HPLC. The study showed that the richest source of tocotrienols was the whole grain of Dańkowskie Złote followed by the whole grain of Warko and Amilo cultivars. The tocotrienols found in the whole grain of three rye cultivars were a-T3 and b-T3 while the pool of tocopherols was formed by a-T, b-T and small quantity of g-T. Tocotrienols found in the whole grain or in endosperm with embryo fraction contributed to more than 50% of total tocols, however those noted in pericarb with testa fraction were about of 90% of total tocols. The highest level of tocotrienols (a-T3 + b-T3) was noted in rye flours with extraction rate of 100% of the three cultivars. The milling process decreased contents of tocotrienols, however flours with extraction rate from 100 to 90% kept the T3/T ratio above one, whereas for flour with extraction rate of 70% this ratio was less than one. The percentage contribution of a-T3 and b-T3 to the total tocols content in whole meal and brown flours was within a range of 23–35% but that noted for light flours was within a lower range. The baking process caused a significant decrease in the content of tocotrienols as well as tocopherols. The level of tocotrienols in whole meal rye breads was about five, three and two times higher when compared to the bread formulated on brown flours originated from Amilo, Warko and Dańkowskie Złote. Moreover, the level of tocotrienols found in breads formulated on light flour (extraction rate of 70%) was about 2–13% of that noted in breads based on whole meal flour.
The aetiology of apoE4 genotype-Alzheimer’s disease (AD) association are complex. The current study emphasizes the impact of apoE genotype and potential beneficial effects of vitamin E (VE) in relation to oxidative stress. Agonist induced neuronal cell death was examined 1) in the presence of conditioned media containing equal amounts of apoE3 or apoE4 obtained from stably transfected macrophages, and 2) after pretreatment with alpha- and -tocopherol, and -tocotrienol. ApoE3 and apoE4 transgenic mice were fed a diet poor or rich in VE to study the interplay of both apoE genotype and VE status, on membrane lipid peroxidation, antioxidative enzyme activity and glutathione levels in the brain. Cytotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide and glutamate was higher in neuronal cells cultured with apoE4 than apoE3 conditioned media. VE pre-treatment of neurons counteracted the cytotoxicity of a peroxide challenge but not of nitric oxide. No significant effects of apoE genotype or VE supplementation were observed on lipid peroxidation or antioxidative status in the brain of apoE3 and apoE4 mice. VE protects against oxidative insults in vitro, however, no differences in brain oxidative status were observed in mice. Unlike in cultured cells, apoE4 may not contribute to higher neuronal oxidative stress in the brain of young targeted replacement mice.
The biological bases for the relation of the cereal grains low molecular weight antioxidants intake to the reduction of risk for chronic diseases caused by oxidative stress have been discussed in this article.
Olej palmowy jako jedyny w swoim składzie zawiera więcej tokotrienoli niż tokoferoli. Z uwagi na swoje właściwości biologiczne homologiczne tokotrienole wykazują działanie przeciwmiażdżycowe i antykancerogenne. Są składnikami większości tłuszczów roślinnych wytwarzanych z udziałem oleju palmowego. Podjęte badania miały wykazać jaka ilość tych związków ulega destrukcji w trakcie procesu rafinacji oleju palmowego, a jaka ich część znajduje się w produkowanych komponentach do osnów i produktach tłuszczowych.
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