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The effects of genetically modified (GM) soybean meal (SBM) and maize on the diversity and activity of microbiota inhabiting terminal gut segments in broiler chickens Were studied. Eight diets were prepared, based on conventional or GM SBM combined with maize cvs Clarica or PR39 F58, or their isogenic MON 810 counterparts cvs Bacilla or PR39 F56. Diets were fed from age 1 to 28 days to 144 Ross broilers, allocated to eight groups of 18 birds each. The microbiota was analysed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis and its activity was measured. In the ileum and caecum of all groups, members representing the orders Clostridiales, Lactobacillales and Selenomonadales were present, accompanied by Bifidobacteriales in the caecum. The diversity of the order Lactobacillales in the ileum and caecum of birds fed GM maize was reduced, while that of Lactobacillales in the ileum and Bifidobacteriales in the caecum of birds fed GM SBM was higher compared with conventional maize and SBM. The use of GM and conventional maize and SBM did not affect the activity of microbiota measured as bacterial enzyme activity and the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the ileal and caecal digesta. The GM maize did not change resistance of E.
The aim of the present study was to assess the physiological response of growing turkeys’ duodenal surface to dietary replacement of a common dietary component – soybean meal (SBM) with a soy protein isolate (SPI), as this treatment was associated with almost complete removal of α-galactosides from the diet (from 2.44 to 0.15%). Additionally, the utilization of selected dietary ingredients upon dietary treatments was recorded. Effects of raffinose-family oligosaccharides were assessed as well in low- and high-fibre dietary environment (3.5 and 5.3% of crude fibre, respectively). This study revealed that the duodenal morphological parameters were differently affected by dietary treatments at different production stages, i.e. at 4 and 8 weeks of life. Although villus height/crypt depth ratio (VCR) was insignificantly decreased by high-α-galactoside treatment in younger 4-week birds, the presence of these oligosaccharides in the diet positively influenced the VCR index in 8-week turkeys. A similar tendency was observed when calcium retention was considered. Different contents of dietary crude fibre affected the physiological action of α-galactosides, including duodenal crypts depth and phosphorus retention in the 4-week birds, as well as duodenal goblet cells number and nitrogen utilization in the older turkeys. A high content of α-galactosides in the diet resulted in increased hydration of intestinal contents, but without a significant decline in the dry matter digestibility and utilization of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus. Having in mind the development and physiology of the GIT, it may preliminary be concluded that in later production stages, total withdrawal of soybean α-galactosides from turkeys’ diets does not seem to be nutritionally advisable.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of genetically modified (GM), insect resistant corn (MON 810) and glyphosate tolerant soybean meal (Roundup Ready, MON 40-30-2), used as the main dietary components, on physico-chemical properties of broilers' breast and thigh muscles. The pH and water holding capacity values of breast and thigh muscles indicated no statistically significant differences between broilers fed diets containing non-transgenic or transgenic feeds. Results for the oxidation reduction potential measurements of the breast muscles from the group fed GM corn and non-modified soybean meal as well as muscles of female chickens from the group fed GM corn and GM soybean meal were significantly lower than those for other dietary treatments. The results of presented study showed that chickens, which had consumed transgenic diet exhibited improved lipid stability of breast and thigh muscles, as indicated by TBARS values. The use of transgenic corn or soybean meal did not cause significant changes in colour parameters L* and b*. Incorporation of transgenic corn and soy bean meal into broilers diet significantly affect the a* colour parameter for breast muscles.
The experiment was conducted to assess the ileal digestibility values for the purpose of evaluating the ability of 14-day-old broilers to utilize the amino acids (AA) from different plant feeds. The feeds included two cereals: maize and wheat; full-fat seeds of rape (FRS); four local by-product: cold-pressed rapeseed cake (RC1), rapeseed cake from precooked (90°C) seeds (RC2), solvent-extracted rapeseed meal (RSM), maize distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and soyabean meal (SBM), used as the model protein feed. The standardized ileal digestibilities of AA (SID) were measured using the assay diets containing Cr2O3 as an indigestible marker. A protein-free diet was formulated to estimate the basal ileal endogenous AA losses. Dietary protein in the assay diets was supplied solely by the test ingredients. Each diet was offered for 5 days to 4 replicate cages of 12 birds. For wheat the SID coefficients of most AA were significantly or numerically greater compared with maize. The numerical superiority of the SBM over all the other protein sources tested was found for SID of most AA, with statistically confirmed differences for threonine, tryptophan, serine and tyrosine. Among protein feeds examined DDGS had the lowest digestibility of lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan and cystine. Of the four rapeseed feeds, RSM had the lowest digestibility of lysine, histidine, alanine, glycine and serine. Considering the SID of the 18 amino acids, protein-rich feeds tested in this study were ranked as follows: SBM > RC1 > RC2 > FRS > RSM > DDGS. However, the SID values of lysine and methionine in both rapeseed cakes (RC1 and RC2) were comparable to those obtained for SBM.
В двух опытах (1 и 2 ) поросят отнятых на 35-ый день жизни кормили до 91-го дня стандартной кормосмесью II (контрольные грурры) или кормосмесью модифицированной путем частичной или полной замены соевого шрота шротом семян конских бобов. В опыте I шрот конских бобов в количестве 4% массы кормосмеси подавали в естественной форме (II), а в количестве 8% после термической обработки (III) или экструзии (IV). В опыте 2 опытные кормосмеси содержали по 10% шрота конских бобов дополнительно высущенного в сушильне СБ - 1,5 (II) или шрота конских бобов в естественном виде подвергнутого процессу экструзии (III) без прибавки и с прибавкой лизина и метионина (дополнительно сущений шрот конских бобов- группа IV - L + М), естественный экстрагированный шрот конских бобов - группа V - L + М). В опыте 1 контрольные поросята (I) достигли веса 27,00 кг, опытные поросята групп II и III по 24,60 кг, а в группе IV 25,90 кг. Суточные аривесы составляли 334, 304, 302 и 320 г. В опыте 2 средний вес тела поросят групп I, II, III, IV и V, составлял соответственно 26,80, 24,80, 25,68, 25,40 и 25,90 кг, а суточные привесы соответственно 328, 289, 310, 303 и 313 г. В обоих опытах потребление овсяных единиц и переваримого общего белка на 1 грамм привеса образовалось в соответствии с количеством использoванных кормов. Частичная или полная замена соевого шрота шротом из конских бобов, сырых или подвергнутых термической обработке, в кормосмесях типа II приводила к существенному ухудшению продуктивных результатов поросят. Конские бобы подвергнутые экструзии не приводили к существенному снижению привесов поросят и использования корма.
The aim of the study was to determine the fate in the digestive tract of recombinant CrylA (b) and epsps genes, from genetically modified (GM) insect resistant Bt corn and from glyphosate tolerant GM soybean meal (Roundup Ready). The possibility of the transfer of transgenic DNA from feed to chicken tissues was also evaluated. In a 42-d floor pen experiment, Ross 308 broilers were fed corn-soybean meal diets (55%-60% of corn and 32%-37% of soybean meal). All the experimental diets were isonitrogenous and isoenergetic and contained non-modified corn and soybean meal (group I - control), non-modified corn and GM soybean (group II), GM corn and non-modified soybean meal (group III) or GM corn and GM soybean meal (group IV). At the 43 d of age, the broilers were slaughtered and DNA was extracted from gut content and tissues and was analysed for the presence of transgenic fragments using PCR method. The used methods allowed detecting 0.1% GM DNA in total DNA isolated from samples. The transgenic sequences from single-copy genes of soybean (172 bp) and corn (170 bp) were detected only in content of crop and gizzard of broilers fed GM plants. There were no traces of transgenic DNA in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and caecum digesta, excreta, and in blood, liver, spleen, and breast muscle. Similarly, no small fragments from other single-copy genes of soybean and corn (recombinant 35s promoter and NOS terminator, and endogenous lectin and invertase genes) were detected in broiler tissues. The obtained data indicated that transgenic DNA sequences from Bt corn and Roundup Ready soybean are well digested in the gastrointestinal tract and are not transferred to broiler tissues.
Background. The aim of this work was to study the growth of juvenile dentex fed on cooking-extruded diets,determine the level of substitution of fishmeal by soybean meal may be without affecting the growth in his species and its digestibility. Materials and Methods. The availability of defatted soybean meal as a substitute for fish meal was evaluated In juvenile (41 g on average) dentex by feeding diets containing 0%–60% soybean meal, for 97 days. Results. Survival at the end of the experiment was high (80%) except for the fish fed diets with 50% and 60% substitution. Growth, feed gain ratio, and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were slightly reduced at higher soybean meal levels. Fish fed diets containing 0% to 40% of soybean meal grew significantly more and FCR was lower than fish fed other diets. No differences were obtained for protein digestibility coefficients of experimental diets (20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% SBM). Conclusion. The results confirm the best protein level for optimum growth seems to be around 50% and 12% lipid level, and maximum soybean meal substitution of 40%.
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