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Monosaccharides in the water of the Gulf of Gdańsk

86%
The concentration of monosaccharides in samples collected in the Gulf of Gdańsk area was determined in water filtered through ∼0.8 μm pore size filters. Seawater concentrations ranged from about 0.2 to 1.1 mg C dm−3, the highest values being detected at the mouth of the river Vistula. Seasonality was detectable in the data distribution; the majority of autumn values lay within the 0.2–0.4 range while concentrations in the spring samples were higher and the values more widely scattered. Measurements of monosaccharide concentrations at selected points during the whole observation period showed that values increased from spring to autumn as much as 5-fold. Concomitant analyses in Vistula river water yielded concentrations from 0.4 to 1.2 mg C dm−3. These latter values were all higher than those recorded in seawater in the corresponding months.
S. obliquus cultures were subjected to various heavy metals (Cd, Co, Ni and Mn) in the presence or absence of calcium. Ca2+ increased the cell number (unicells or coenobia). Amounts of cell wall polysaccharides and soluble sugars were increased by the heavy metals used and decreased when Ca2+ was added, this perhaps being due to or resulting from inhibited cell division which did not allow the wall components to decrease by being distributed among daughter cells.
The activity of alpha-D-galactosidase and contents of soluble saccharides were studied in ‘Juno’ yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) seeds stored. Seeds harvested at three stages of maturity (15, 25, 35 days after flowering - DAF) were stored at –21°C for two years (frozen immediately after harvest) or were dried after harvest to 8% of water content and stored at +20°C for 5 and 6 years. A high alpha-D-galactosidase activity in maturing and mature seeds could have been one of the causes of decreasing viability and vigour of the seeds stored. The hydrolysis of raffinose oligosaccharides decreased the ratio of these saccharides to sucrose. The decrease in the content of raffinose oligosaccharides was accompanied by an increase in galactosyl cyclitol contents.
Following the review concerning the nonenergetic functions of saccharides in plants [Kączkowski, 2002] this review is devoted to the presentation of polysaccharide synthesis breakdown and modification, using available chemical and biological methods, in order to alter the concomitant properties towards the practically required directions. For comparison to starch, as the main plant reserve polysaccharide, other components of this type, obtained at present by the microbial biotechnology methods and applied in clinical, agricultural and nutritional industries, are also shortly reviewed. As variable saccharides are important components of glycosides, some more interesting groups of such compounds are also referred, including cooperating glycosyltransferases (GT) as well as their modification possibilities and application areas; they concern polyketide, flavonoid (anthocyanidin) and cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, and some others.
High precision measurements of ultrasonic velocity in aqueous suspension of phosphatidylcholine liposomes in the presence of trehalose, sucrose and glucose have demonstrated its dependence on the concentration of the two disaccharides. This finding is interpreted in terms of replacement by the latter of water molecules bound to phosphate head groups on the liposome surface.
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The preparation and properties of ethyl gluconate

72%
The esterification of gluconic acid and ghicono-delta-lactone is described. The obtained products were analysed by the HPLC method. Ethyl ester up to 99% purity was obtained with 75% overall yield. The ester was found to be a good baking powder component. The reactivity of ethyl gluconate enables its derivatization.
The research was conducted on two cultivars of Sinningia speciosa (Lodd.) Hiern: ‘Defiance’ and ‘Blanche de Meru’. Plants were cultivated with or without symbiosis with endomycorrhizal fungi. In order to evaluate the biochemical changes in the leaves of Sinningia speciosa at the vegetative growth stage the content of chlorophyll a+b, carotenoids, protein and saccharides was determined. Plant growth parameters, such as height, diameter, number of leaves and number of initiated flower buds, were determined when first flower was developed. Mycorrhizal plants of Sinningia ’Defiance’ and ‘Blanche de Meru’ had more flower buds, 66.7 and 57.1%, respectively. The mycorrhization had a positive influence on the content of chlorophyll a+b in the leaves of Sinningia speciosa ‘Defiance’, whereas in the Blanche de Meru cultivar this dependence was observed only in the ninth and tenth week of cultivation. At the vegetative stage the mycorrhized plants had a higher content of carotenoids in their leaves, except for the tenth week of cultivation in the Defiance and the seventh and tenth weeks of cultivation in the Blanche de Meru cultivar. The mycorrhization did not influence the content of protein in the cultivars under investigation, except for the ninth week of cultivation. The highest content of saccharides in the leaves of Defiance and Blanche de Meru cultivars was noted at the beginning of vegetation and it was similar in the mycorrhized and non-mycorrhized plants.
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