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Methods of identifying dates of passing determined threshold value are of signifi cant importance in the study of thermal growing seasons. The difficulty to determine dates of beginning and end of growing season in a given year stems from the fact that daily mean air temperature changes irregularly on a day-to-day basis often crossing the threshold value (i.e. 5°C) multiple times. The most frequently used method to identify dates of threshold value crossing is the mathematical or graphical method proposed by Gumiński in 1950 which based on monthly mean air temperature values. In the 1970s, Huculak and Makowiec presented a method using daily mean values of air temperature. It is assumed that both methods give comparative results although calculations of daily mean air temperature render more accurate results. This paper presents the comparison of these two methods. Air temperatures measurements from 1966–2005 taken at 38 weather stations located in various physiographic conditions in Poland were used.
This study explores the determinants of food expenditures in northern Ghana’s rural households, using a survey data collected in 2010 in the vicinity of Tamale, the capital of the Northern Region. Three estimation methods (OLS, OLS with robust error, and WLS) are used in empirical models to address the possible heteroscedasticity. Models indicate that socio-demographic factors such as income, owning a tractor, age, and household composition are important factors in determining food expenditure. Similarly, farm features such as cultivation of staple or cash crops, the field size of groundnuts, as well as buying dry goods in bulk are also found to be major determinants. Results provide useful information for both private and public sector decision makers, while supplying ample evidence of the importance of estimation method selection to generate most accurate quantified effects of individual explanatory variables on food expenditure.
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W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia dotyczące metodyki badań laboratoryjnych gruntów zgodnie z zaleceniami Eurokodu 7 i norm związanych. Omówiono również, pod kątem aspektów poznawczych i praktycznych, referaty zakwalifikowane na I Konferencję Naukowo-Techniczną ProGeotech 2013 „Projektowanie geotechniczne – badania i dobór parametrów”. Do sesji 2. „Badania laboratoryjne według EC 7” zgłoszono 6 artykułów, których najważniejsze osiągnięcia i wnioski podsumowano w niniejszej pracy.
Based on 156 sequences of Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) taken from GenBank, consensus sequence thereof containing 359 nucleotides was determied by means of CLUSTAL W program. For this sequence the secondary structures were derived by using Mfold program. In linear structure of the lowest two apical loops and 27 internal loops and bulges were found. To define 3D structures of those fragments and double-stranded structures connecting them, an RNA FRABASE ver. 1.0 search engine was used. In this way, their 3D equivalents in resolved crystallographic structures and those derived from measurements of NMR spectra were found. For smaller fragments, full compatibility was observed. Bigger ones required usage of our script to isostericity base replacement for fragments of not full homology. The above procedure did not change torsion angles χ around glycosyl bonds. Then these fragments were connected via superimposition of common canonical base pairs. An integrated structure that obtained was then energetically minimized in torsion angles space and Cartesian coordinates space. Then 7 different 2D structures (2 linear and 5 branched) were taken into account and additional, alternative threedimensional ones were generated for them. The length of whole 3D structure of viroid RNA for corresponding linear 2D structure amounted to 500 Å that was in agreement with the data obtained from electron microscopy. RNA of linear structures, due to their extent is able to easily complex with proteins. Asides from previously found in central conservative domain of PSTVd and described in the literature E loop we found another, similar one in pathogenic domain. Both structures have characteristic of sarcin/ricin RNA motif S-turn of one strain.
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