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Both hypochlorite and ionizing radiation induce oxidation processes of biomolecules. The effects are dependent to a large degree on the dose of the oxidizing agent. Previously we observed that split doses of gamma radiation caused lower hemolysis than the same but single doses. The critical factors influencing the occurrence of this effect were: the value of the first dose and the time between the doses. In this work we examined the effect of gamma radiation (40-400 Gy) on hemolysis of human erythrocytes induced by hypochlorite. Erythrocytes in PBS, hematocrit 2 %, were irradiated with doses of 40, 200 or 400 Gy. The dose-rate was 23.8 Gy/min. Cell suspensions were stirred during irradiation. After irradiation the erythrocytes were incubated for 1, 3 or 4 hours at room temperature and then hypochlorite was added to a 250 microM concentration. Control samples were erythrocytes treated only with NaOCl. The level of hemolysis was determined after NaOCl addition. Hemolysis of erythrocytes preirradiated with the dose of 400 Gy was lower than hemolysis of erythrocytes treated only with NaOCl. The effect was dependent on the time between the end of irradiation and the addition of NaOCl. In contrast, slightly higher hemolysis was observed for erythrocytes preirradiated with lower (40 or 200 Gy) doses of radiation. The observed effect is similar to that obtained for radiation-induced hemolysis. It suggests that ionizing radiation may induce structural and/or functional changes in erythrocytes, which make the cell more resistant to further oxidative damage.
The fast development of oil products leads to growing waste emissions and oil spill accidents. Oil dissolved in water causes many immediate and potentially chronic adverse effects on marine habitats and coastal ecosystems. Electro-Fenton technology possesses many significant advantages for treatment of refractory material from water. The possibility of using in situ electrochemical reaction of the bipolar electro-Fenton process for solving oil pollution problems in seawater is investigated. The study shows that the bipolar electro- Fenton technology is feasible for treatment of oily seawater. In the process of the bipolar electro-Fenton, operating current density and pH have effects on the removal efficiency of oil pollution from seawater. Higher current density is favorable for removal of oil pollution, and the optimum pH was 2.5-3.5. Under the optimum pH value of 3.5 and current density of 25 mA/m², the oil and COD concentration decreased about 90-95%. By process of the bipolar electro-Fenton, most of the components of oil were degraded to smaller molecular compounds. In addition to indirect oxidation, electro flocculation and adsorption is inevitable for the removal of pollutants when using bipolar electro-Fenton.
The feasibility of magnetic field was examined as a factor affecting sludge conditioning intensification. In the experiment sludge after preliminary anaerobic digestion was used, coming from a domestic wastewa­ter treatment plant. Digested sludge was taken directly from a fermentation tank. The experiment was run in three phases. They were performed on a laboratory scale, at various experimental stands. Different dosages of iron chloride, hydrogen peroxide and Fenton's reagent were applied to determine their influence on the sludge properties as well as the effect of constant magnetic field on the conditioning parameters was deter­mined. Straight dependence was found between dosage of the reagents and the way of sludge introduction in the magnetic activity zone, as well as physical and chemical parameters of the prepared sludge.
Disinfection of anaerobically treated municipal wastewater was done using ozone, UV, H2O2, peracetic acid, and advanced oxidation processes (O3/H2O2, O3/UV, H2O2/UV, H2O2/sunlight). Ozone, UV irradiation, and H2O2 eliminated 99% of pathogens (total coliform, fecal coliform, and E. coli) at ozonation time of 20 min at the rate of 1000 mg/hr; UV irradiation time of 11 min and H2O2 dose of 336 mg/L. The use of combined systems (H2O2/sunlight) is especially promising due to the synergistic effect and cost efffectiveness. Regrowth of pathogens increased with increase in time and temperature (from 15 to 35ºC). The presence of nutrients and fluorescent light enhanced the rate of reactivation of pathogens.
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