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Loss of heterozygosity at BRCA 1/2 loci in breast and ovarian tumors is a suggested risk factor for germline BRCA1/2 mutation status. We evaluated the presence of losses of selected microsatellite markers localized on chromosomes 17 and 13q in hereditary and sporadic ovarian tumors. 151 consecutive primary ovarian tumors (including 21 with BRCA1/2 mutations and 130 without the mutations) were screened for loss of heterozygosity at loci on chromosomes 17 and 13q. Losses of heterozygosity of at least one microsatellite marker localized on chromosomes 17 and 13q were revealed in 123 (81.5%) and 104 (68.9%) tumors, respectively. Losses of all informative markers on chromosomes 17 and 13 occurred in 30 (19.9%) and 31 (20.5%) tumors, respectively. There was no difference in the frequency of losses at BRCA1 intragenic markers (D17S855 and D17S1323) between BRACA1-positive and BRCA1-negative patients. The frequency of losses on chromosome 17 was higher in high-grade than in low-grade carcinomas. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 17 and 13q is a frequent phenomenon in both hereditary and sporadic ovarian cancers. The frequency of losses at BRCAl intragenic markers in the ovarian tumor tissue is not strongly related to the presence of BRCAl germline mutations.
Drying is the most common and also the simplest method of preserving fresh plant materials. This process greatly extends the life of the product by the removal of water, which decreases the rate of chemical and enzymatic reactions, or even inhibits them. The drying step can cause a change in appearance, taste, color and consistency, as well as reduce the quantity of essential oils, polyphenols, pigments and vitamins. These changes can be significantly reduced by using suitable drying techniques, depending on the material. The choice of the technique should be based on knowledge of the biological, physical and chemical characteristics of the raw material. The paper presents the effects of drying on the quantitative loss of essential oils and compounds with antioxidant properties, as well as changes in the antioxidant properties of selected herbs and spices dried by different methods. Both, the food industry and the cosmetics or pharmaceuticals industry generates a demand for high-quality raw materials, and hence research is being conducted both on preservation methods and on their impact on the quality of the obtained material. It seems that the new technology of drying material in a fluidized bed, greatly reduces or even eliminates the disadvantages of current procedures.
Musk shrew Suncus murinus (Linnaeus, 1766) has a very reduced P3, and it is often missing. Hanamura (1985), based on a sample from Okinawa Island, proposed that the high incidence in P3 loss was a distinguishing characteristic of musk shrew. However, while the Okinawa population lacked P3 in 26 of 95 individuals (27.4%), specimens from Taiwan showed no P3 loss. Thus, the high incidence of P3 loss is not one of distinguishing characteristic of musk shrews. In the Okinawa sample, P4-M3 length vs palatal length in the group with P3 on both sides was significantly greater than that without P3. The relationship between the P4-M3 and palatal lengths showed negative allometry (Okinawa population with P3: y = 0.18 + 0.67a:; Okinawa population without P3: y = 0.21 + 0.67x; Taiwan population: y = 0.15 + 0.68x). Taiwan population had a greater P4-M3 length relative to palatal length than did the Okinawa population because palatal length was greater in the former. These findings suggest that, as in the case of human third molars, a reduction in upper jaw size is responsible for the loss of the third molar in the Okinawa musk shrews.
Yeasts (52, 51, 69, and 04) were received from Biotechnology Center of Karaj and Penicillium expansum Isolates P11 and P12 isolated from Golden Delicious. Isolates were evaluated as a potential biological control agents of apple blue mold caused by P. expansum. Dual culture, cell free metabolites and volatile test were used in vitro assay. All tested of yeast isolates inhibited growth of P. expansum. The inhibition varied among isolates of yeasts and ranged from 19.81% to 40.73%, in dual culture, from 43.16% to 66.44% in volatile metabolite and from 22.16% to 50.23% in cell free metabolite test. Apple fruit wounds were inoculated with 40 μl of yeast cell suspension (107cell/ml) followed 48 h later by P. expansum (105 conidia/ ml). The apples were then incubated at 25°C. Four isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae reduced, the decay area from 13.46 to 24.92 cm2 compared to 32.18 cm2 in control after incubation for 14 days at 25°C. At 5°C, the lesion size ranged from 13.58 to 24.68 cm2 for the antagonist treatments compared to 22 cm2 for the control treatments after 32 days. The isolate 69 of S. cervisiae was the most effective isolate at both tempetures in this assay and could be one of important new biological control agents for apple blue mold.
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Economic appraisal of flood protection projects

84%
A model of the economic appraisal of flood protection projects using the NPV indicator is presented with a recent enlargements concerning economic valuation of casualties and psychological losses in victims’ well-being. This year’s series of big floods in Poland has made this topic come back to public attention.
Oak trees play a significant naturalistic and economic role. Common oaks represent the most valuable forest-creating species in Poland. In the recent years, on the area of the whole country, one can observe a visible deterioration of the health conditions in oak tree stands. It is difficult to indicate the main factor responsible for this phenomenon. Because of the wide range of this observation, it can be assumed that this process is caused by many biotic and abiotic, as well as anthropogenic factors. Studies were out in the Sulęcin Forest District. At the turn of July and August in the years 2009 and 2010, an assessment of the losses in the majority of trees showed a medium degree (49%). Another group of trees showed 36% of leaf loss, while 14% of oak trees did not show any losses at all. A very high degree of defoliation was found only in 1% of trees. The presented data indicate that an average loss in the assimilation apparatus of oak trees amounted to 29.15%.
This paper presents results of analysis of the dynamics of growth and development of beech stands in the lower subalpine zone in the Bieszczady National Park from the point of view of size-volume interrelationships of the following three main forest-forming processes: thickness increment, the process of trees dying off in stands and growing of young trees to reach the layer of the manure stand. The obtained results confirmed that the examined beech forests exhibit similarity with multigenerational, complex forests of primeval character. An argument in favour of this includes in particular: high stand volume, good forest health condition and a positive relationship between the process of tree survival (volume increment and ingrowth) and the decrement process. The wide peak distance of culminations of two traits is characteristic too: the number of trees in the lowest diameter subclass and the volume in the diameter subclass several intervals higher.
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