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The time of Chironomus plu- mosus generation in the field conditions (shallow, eutrophic dam reservoir) was estimated to be about 3 weeks in the spring. This estimate has been possible due to simultaneous mass appearance of young larvae (the new generation) and the lack of older larvae at this time. Later in the season usually there was some amount of the youngest larvae, indicating the permanent emergence of imagos and the egg-laying, but without clear peaks of numbers and boundaries between successive generations. This regularity and the relatively low total numbers of larvae during the summer indicate the heavy fish pressure on the benthos, not allowing for the mass appearance of young larvae and the estimate of the generation time. Fish pressure is probably weak in spring, during a spawning period, but then increase in the summer. The generation number could be theoretically as high as 5 during the vegetation season (May–October), assuming about 3 weeks for full larval development, as it was estimated at optimal feeding and oxygen conditions and low fish pressure in the spring. However some limiting factors like: oxygen deficits, the annoyance by fish and bestrewing of larval tubes with the mud transported by the water flow (range 150–500 m³ s⁻¹ of the total inflow) increase in the summer. These factors can slow down larval development, resulting in observed lower generation number: 3 to 4 during a year.
Compatibility between rhizobial inoculants and fungicides used for seeds treatment remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the fungicide Funaben T (thiram – 45%, carbendazim – 20%) on the nodulation of soybean (Glycine max cv. Nawiko) inoculated with two Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains (USDA 110 and USDA 123). Reduced nodulation of soybean was observed in the treatments with fungicide applied and fertilized with nitrogen (80 kg ha–1). The strongest depression of nodulation was observed when both treatments were used simultaneously.
Laboratory studies have showed higher ABA accumulation in seedlings of the chilling tolerant genotypes than in the sensitive ones during low temperature exposure. On the basis of these results the hypothesis was developed that chilling tolerance (CT) in maize is related to the ability for fast and pronounced formation and accumulation of ABA as a protective agent against chilling injury. Presented in the paper measurements of ABA levels in maize seedlings under complex field conditions during natural spring cold waves at two sites of Europe confirmed the results from growth rooms. The chilling tolerant maize lines accumulated under field conditions more ABA than the sensitive ones during spring cold periods. Moreover, the data from field conditions show that the ABA accumulation induced by low temperature is not directly related to chilling-induced water deficit.
Three-year studies (2014–2016) were conducted in Lublin in the south-east Poland. The objects of research were the plants of ten canna cultivars: ‘Aida’, ‘America’, ‘Botanica’, ‘Cherry Red’, ‘La Boheme’, ‘Lucifer’, ‘Picasso’, ‘Robert Kemp’, ‘President’ and ‘Wyoming’. Observations were carried out each year in October. Plants with symptoms of stem and root rot, leaves yellowing and wilt were noticed on the investigated plantations. The plants were studied with regard to photosynthetic activity and also by disease index for all cultivars and statistical analysis was carried out upon them. The effect of disease index on photosynthetic intensity and transpiration was determined after the calculation of Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Infected plants were collected for mycological analysis. The results of mycological analysis showed that canna plants were colonized by Fusarium spp., Sclerotinia spp. and Alternaria spp. Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium avenaceum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum predominated among pathogenic species. The best health status and the lowest number of colonies were noticed for plants of cv. ‘Botanica’. The infection of canna leaves by pathogenic fungi has negatively affected the intensity of photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance and sub-stomatal CO2 concentration and it was largely related to the degree of infestation of specified varieties of canna. The photosynthesis process was limited especially in ‘La Boheme’, ‘Picasso’, ‘Cherry Red’ and ‘President’ cultivars, which were infected most frequently by pathogenic fungi. It was confirmed by negative Pearson’s coefficient.
In this study, foliar sprays of Fenton solutions (Fenton reaction, Fenton-like reaction and Fenton complex), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and the recommended fungicide (chlorothalonil) were estimated in the control of sugar beet leaf spot caused by Cercospora beticola under field conditions in two growing seasons. In addition, the impacts of these treatments on some crop characters (leaf dry weight, root fresh weight, soluble solid content, sucrose content and purity of sugar) were examined. Biochemical and histological changes in the livers and kidneys of treated rats compared to an untreated control were utilized to assess the toxicity of the examined curative agents. Overall, chlorothalonil and Fenton complex were the most effective treatments for disease suppression in both tested seasons followed by Fenton-like reagent, Fenton’s reagent and TiO2, respectively. Growth and yield characters of treated sugar beet significantly increased in comparison to an untreated control. There were mild or no (biochemical and histological) changes in the livers and kidneys of treated rats compared to the control. Fenton solutions and TiO2 may offer a new alternative for leaf spot control in sugar beet.
The investigation was conducted in 2004 and 2005 to test 28 sesame genotypes for resistance and susceptablity to Rhizodonia solani under artificial infection conditions at the Plant Breeding Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. All screened sesame genotypes showed varied significant degrees of infestation with the root rot pathogen. It is worth to mention that some of sesame genotypes kept their resistance characterestic classes as moderately resistant (MR) or resistant (R) during the two successive seasons. Such genotypes might be useful for breeding programs due to stability of their resistant character as well as their seed yield. Phenotypic coefficients of variation (P.C.V.) and genotypic coefficients of variation (G.C.V.) were of high value regarding resistance characters during both seasons and comparable to seed yield character. The heritability estimates indicate that selection is a suitable way for picking up sesame genotypes that have high chance for resistance character to root rot disease (R. solani) with high seed yield potential. The genetic advance and heritability estimates in all cases supported the selection of some sesame genotypes to be used in next breeding programs for root rot resistance, they also showed a high seed yield potential.
The biostimulant products are able to improve quality and quantity of medicinal plants. The comparative effects of biostimulants foliar spraying on peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) were investigated. These studies were done on the basis of randomized complete blocks design in 3 replicates during 2015. In field conditions, the highest leaves and stems dry weight by 400 mg/l chitosan (CH) + 400 mg/l citric acid (CA), essential oil content by 200 mg/l chitosan + 400 mg/l humic acid (HA) + 400 mg/l citric acid and menthol content in 200 mg/l chitosan + 800 mg/l humic acid + 400 mg/l citric acid were observed. In greenhouse conditions, the best results of those mentioned parameters were obtained by 400 mg/l chitosan + 800 mg/l humic acid + 400 mg/l citric acid, 800 mg/l humic acid and 400 mg/l chitosan + 400 mg/l humic acid + 400 mg/l citric acid, respectively.
Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood is an economically important pathogen of many agricultural crops, and the frequency of occurrence, abundance and importance of this nematode in resource-poor agricultural production systems make control necessary. Field studies were conducted in 2004 and 2005 to determine yield loss of Roselle due to natural infestation by M. incognita using Carbofuran 3G at 2 kg a.i./ha and untreated as check. The yield of Roselle was found to be higher with the application of nematicide-Carbofuran 3G at 2 kg a.i./ha. The percentage increase over control was 48.7 and 40.8% in the years 2004 and 2005, respectively. A significant reduction in the yield of Roselle in untreated plots was mainly attributed to direct damage of the root system by the feeding of root-knot nematode M. incognita. Root-knot nematode population in carbofuran treated plots was significantly lower than in untreated check in the two years, also at harvest. In the check the nematodes multiplied many folds during the cropping season. High nematode population in the untreated check decreased plant growth and ultimately reduced the number of seeds and weight of seeds.
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