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Some modern remote sensing technologies, including LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging), have significantly developed recently. Laser scanners mounted on the airborne platform make it possible to collect very precise information over large areas, including tree and stand heights. A literature review shows that the model-based method of tree height determination underestimates this parameter in comparison to field measurements. The objective of the study was to analyze accuracy of the automatic height estimation of Scots pine stands, based on the airborne laser scanning data and the example of the Milicz Forest District. Applied algorithm of the stand segmentation into individual trees gave systematic and significant underestimation of the number of trees. The minimum tree height was estimated with a large negative error reaching up to several meters. The maximum mean and top heights were determined more precisely, with a small negative error of a few percent. The sum of tree heights was determined with an error exceeding 40%, which is caused mostly by the error in estimation of the number of trees.
Recent numerical simulation of tsunami propagation proposed a new hypothesis about the origin of the 1771 tsunami that devastated the southwest Ryukyu district of Japan; a slip of the East Ishigaki Fault, a 44kmlong fault lying 50km off the east coast of Ishigaki Island, might be the cause of the 1771 tsunami. The present study is to test this hypothesis through visual observation by means of the precise seafloor image collected by the Hyper-Dolphin remotely operated vehicle. The hypothesis may be proved if definite evidence of a slip along the whole fault is obtained. Investigating the fault was accomplished by a reconnaissance survey at three representing fault segments: southern, central and northern. The result of the survey at the southern segment shows that the main fault scarp is covered by many large boulders. On the escarpment, 6m sections with a gradient of almost 90 degrees were observed. The result of the survey at the central segment shows similar characteristics as that at the southern segment. The northern segment was characterized by wide exposure of limestone outcrop with many cracks and fissures on the outcrop which represents nascent faulting. These facts suggest the northward propagation of the faulting along the main scarp. The result demonstrates that the amount of displacement at the fault segments is not uniform. This does not support the assumption taken into the numerical simulation; thus, it is unlikely that the slip at the fault generated the 1771 tsunami, even though simultaneous rupture at multiple fault segments are taken into account.
This article is an attempt to determine the possibilities and opportunities for implementation of the developmental strategy with the use of the model of franchise cooperation in the pharmaceutical market. In her research, the author used the desk research method and, in particular, the analysis of industry’s data. She presented the degree of development of franchise ties in the pharmacy market in Poland. There are also indicated the determinants of the use of franchise in the pharmacy market in Poland. Next, the author carried out conclusion-drawing relating to the perspectives of development of the market in question in Poland with a particular consideration of franchise ties taking place in it. The article is characterised with practical and social implications as regards extending the knowledge of the possibilities to use franchise in the pharmaceutical industry.
The research employed a negative binominal count data model approach to analyse the determinants of bioenergy innovations with a special focus on the effect of energy and climate policies. A panel of 14 OECD countries were analysed using patent counts for the period 1978–2009 as a proxy for innovations. The policies examined were feed-in tariffs, quota obligations and different types of investment support schemes. The study found that feed-in tariffs affected innovation positively but quota obligations did not. The results regarding investment support programs were ambiguous since the dummy variable representing strong investment policies was statistically significant whereas the continuous variable for investment support schemes was not. Another finding was that electricity prices seemed to be an import-ant determinant of innovation and that the accumulated stock of knowledge in the bioenergy sector also had a positive impact on bioenergy innovation.
Due to technological advances in electrophysiology, there is renewed interest in the analysis of local field potentials recorded at many sites simultaneously. In this paper the main problems related to the analysis of LFP are presented, and recent developments in the data analysis methods are reviewed. The focus of the paper is on reconstruction of current source density from extracellular recordings and on decomposition of neural activity into meaningful components.
This study is intended to clarify the functional role of different ERP components as indicators of the processing of emotions. The effect of emotional connotation of words on hemispheric lateralization is also explored. Visual ERPs were recorded to unilaterally presented positive, negative, and neutral words that should be categorized according to their emotional connotation. The P2 amplitude was larger to positive than to negative words whereas P3 amplitude was larger to positive words compared with neutral ones. The slow positive wave (SPW) was influenced by words emotionality at anterior and posterior sites differently. The amplitude of the N1 component was larger in the left hemisphere to contralateral^ presented words. The P2 and P3 components were larger over the left hemisphere whereas the N3 and N4 components were larger over the right hemisphere to ipsilateral stimulation. The results support our hypotheses on the functional role of positive ERP components in the processing of an affective words connotation: the P2 wave reflects a general evaluation of emotional significance, the P3 a task-related decision, and the SPW an additional decision control in the context of the emotional experience of an individual. Neither the "right hemisphere hypothesis" nor "valence hypothesis" on lateralization of the processing of emotions were confirmed. Each hemisphere seems to exert its effect on emotion through specific hemispheric resources that are unequally allocated along the different stages of task processing and may cause alternation of hemispheric dominance.
The paper presents a review of literature databases, paying special attention to the use of advanced statistical method as a tool for data analysis in food and nutrition science. Two bibliographic databases, i.e. CAB and FSTA, were searched thoroughly in the study. A dynamic increase in the number of publications based on artificial intelligence studies was observed. A large body of investigations is devoted to the problems of food quality assurance and food authenticity control.
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