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Technological suitability of Polish pea cultivars

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The evaluation of new pea varieties should include the technological suitability tests among which cookability and percentage of hard-to-cook (HTC) seeds, that highly affect cooking time, are of the greatest importance. Thus, the technological suitability of 32 pea cultivars and lines harvested in 1991-1992 was studied while determining the following parameters: size, sphericity, single seed weight, volume and hardness, and cookability, hydration capacity, percentage of HTC seeds and seed microstructure. The physical properties of seeds were found to depend on both the pea variety and crop year. Yet, even statistical analysis of the results did not allow to determine univocally what is the effect of different properties and microstructure on pea cookability. There were, however, strong correlations between hardness or hydration and cookability for seeds of particular varieties harvested in both crop years. The percentage of HTC seeds practically not imbibing water changed randomly, not being thus a variety character. Relatively small differences in the microstructure between the seeds with either good or bad hydration index and soft or hard seeds only partly explained the variation in the studied properties.
Viscoelastic properties of gluten obtained from two Polish cultivars of wheat of contrasted technological value (`Begra´ and `Wilga´) were studied by applying dynamic oscillatory rheometry. Mechanical spectra of gluten were registered in frequency window 0.001 - 200 rad/s and analysed using Cole-Cole functions to obtain quantitative characteristics of viscoelastic properties in terms of JN0 (compliance of elastic plateau), the inverse of compliance equals to the network elasticity modulus GN0, w0 (central frequency of loss peak) and n (parameter related to broadness of loss peak). Differences in protein fractional composition appearing between individual studied samples are reflected in viscoelastic properties of wheat gluten and are related to weather conditions existing within respective wheat vegetation periods. Cole-Cole equations appeared suitable for obtaining concise quantitative rheological description of wheat gluten viscoelastic properties.
An Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method of pea has been developed for several edible and fodder cultivars of pea (Pisum sativum L.), characterized previously in their potential for regeneration via organogenesis) The most appropriate explant, which was susceptible to Agrobacterium infection and capable of regenerating transgenic plants, turned out to be a slice of an immature embryo, including the embryo axis and the basal part of a cotyledon. Three hypervirulent strains of A. tumefaciens were tested: AgL0, AgL1 and EHA105. Each carried the binary vector pP35SGIB containing the uid gene, with an intron under control of the 35S promoter, and the bar gene conferring resistance to phosphinotricin. Strain AgL0 was found to be efficient for the majority of cultivars, followed by AgL1 and EHA105. Transformation efficiency varied from 0.7 to 4.1%, depending on cultivar and Agrobacterium strain. The transformation efficiency of particular pea cultivars did not clearly correspond to their regeneration capacity, which - although indispensable - was not a critical parameter of successful transformation. The presence of integrated genes in pea genomic DNA was detected by the PCR. T-DNA was stably transmitted to the progeny, as it was confirmed by Southern hybridization. The activity of introduced genes was analysed by the histochemical GUS assay and by painting leaves or by spraying transgenic plants with the herbicide Basta.
The complete protocol for regeneration and long-term micropropagation of several Polish cultivars of pea (Pisum sativum L.) has been elaborated. The shoots were the most likely regenerated via de novo organogenesis. The adventitious buds formed in callus derived from cotyledons tissue adjacent to the axillary meristems of immature embryos. All cultivars' calli regenerated several shoots per explant on the MS medium supplemented with B5 vitamins and 4.5 mgl-1 of BAP, however some differences in regeneration capacity among cultivars were observed. The plantlets were subsequently micropropagated with slightly higher efficiency and preserving a good viability over the long-term culture on a medium containing 2.0 mgl-1 than one with 4.5 mgl-1 of BAP. The additional step of the pre-conditioning culture of multiplicated shoots on a medium with very low BAP concentration i.e. 0.02 mgl-1 was applied and appeared to be beneficial before rooting in vitro or grafting. The modified MS-derived medium with the half-strength of MS macroelements but with the full original dose of calcium and supplemented with B5 vitamins and 1.0 mgl-1 of NAA was developed for effective rooting. The shoots were also sufficiently transferred into ex vitro conditions using grafting. The majority of the regenerated plants had adapted to in vivo conditions in a greenhouse and subsequently has set seeds. The presented protocol provides relatively efficient rate of de novo pea regeneration and would be useful for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation purposes.
Extending the harvesting time allows the consumers to eat fresh strawberries from the spring to the autumn. It also creates the opportunity to increase profits for the growers. However, such production requires new technologies and appropriate cultivars. Studies on extending (delaying) of the fruit harvesting period of two Polish strawberry cultivars – ‘Grandarosa’ and ‘Pink Rosa’ – were conducted at the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice (Central Poland) in 2012–2013. The productivity, fruit ripening time and fruit quality of both cultivars were assessed in the open field conditions (three dates of delayed planting, frigo potted and bare-root plants) as well as in soilless cultivation in gutters under plastic canopies and in a high tunnel (delayed planting, frigo potted plants). ‘Elsanta’ was used as the reference cultivar. It was found that delayed planting of frigo plants resulted in extending the harvest time by roughly 10 weeks in field condition and up to 12 weeks in soilless cultivation under cover. Both Polish cultivars were suitable for the cultivation in the open field and under covers for the delayed harvest. In both types of cultivation the peak of harvesting was 8 to 12 days earlier in ‘Elsanta’ as compared to ‘Grandarosa’ and ‘Pink Rosa’. The overall productivity as well as average fruit weight and fruit firmness of both Polish cultivars were significantly higher in comparison with ‘Elsanta’. The production under covers was more effective than in the open field, where the high temperatures of soil and air prevailing after planting resulted in decrease of yield and fruit quality. Moreover, plants under covers did not suffer from the early autumn frosts and they were harvested in a longer period of time as compared to plants grown in the open field.
Bread and pasta produced from a mixture of common wheat flour and commercial preparations of RS2 and RS3 were investigated. Irrespective of RS types, their addition to flour leads to changes in structure, gel strength, hardness and gumminess of bread crumb. At the same time, an addition of RS does not exert any influence on the elasticity nor cohesiveness. Some features in relaxation behavior of bread samples produced with an addition of RS2 are discussed. In contrast to RS3, the application of RS2 during pasta processing leads to some increase in productivity of pasta extruder, shortening of cooking time, but does not exert any influence on the loss of dry substance during cooking as compared with the control. White bread and pasta containing 7-10% RS are of good organoleptic properties. Extension of storage time of pasta is accompanied by an increase in RS content, which can be reflected in the physiological effect of the dishes based on this type of pasta.
Blue honeysuckle due to the high health benefits of its fruit, early ripening (before the first strawberries cultivars) and high frost resistance of both plants and flowers has gained the great popularity both in cultivation and breeding. The implementation of the breeding program of new cultivars requires the knowledge of the characteristics that determine its direction in the selected material. Therefore, in this study the evaluation of the phenological phases, yield, fruit weight, number of seeds per fruit and pollen viability in the cultivars and breeding clones of this species was made. The tested cultivars and clones had different levels of the analysed qualities except the pollen viability which was high but did not differ significantly within the genotypes. The evaluation of such characteristics as yield potential and fruit weight indicates that cultivars ‘Warszawa’, ‘Wojtek’ and T2 clone which had higher values of these characteristics as compared to other genotypes are possible to be used in breeding programme. Obtainment of the forms with early fruit ripening can be realised through the use of the selected Russian cultivars. The objective of this study was also to characterise the blue honeysuckle germplasms using RAPD markers and to assess their genetic similarity. The analysed primers produced 61 fragments out of which 57 (93.44%) were polymorphic. The genetic similarity matrix was made on the basis of RAPD markers. The mean genetic similarity was calculated at 0.56. The presented study confirms that the use of RAPD markers is a practical and effective method to evaluate the genetic similarity of blue honeysuckle genotypes and to establish genetic relationships between these genotypes.
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