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В работе представлена характеристика засорения зерновых (рожь, ячмень, овес) и картофеля на песчаных почвах, принадлежащих к хорошему слабому о очень слабому ржаному комплексу в Сандомерской котловине. Основой характеристики являлись фитоцено логические съемки, выполняемые по методу Браун-Бланкета в 1973 - 1983 гг. Проведенные исследования показали, что самыми злостными видами сорняков в анализируемом районе следует считать: в озимых зерновых - Apera spica-venti, Centaurea cyanus, Scleranthus annuus. Polygonum convolvulus; в яровых зерновых - Spergula arvensis, Chenopodium album, Polygonum convolvulus, Raphanus raphanistrum, Equisetum arvense; в картофеле - Agropyron repens, Raphanus raphanistrum, Spergula arvensis, Equisetum arvense, Chenopodium album, Setaria glauca, Polygonum convolvulus, Polygonum lapathifolium.
The influence of buckwheat addition on physical properties, texture, colour and sensory characteristics of extruded corn snacks are presented in this paper. Snacks were prepared with a single screw extrusion-cooker TS-45 with L:D=12:1, shaped on the circular open die 3 mm, screw speed during processing was set to 120 rpm. Buckwheat flour was added in the amount from 10 toThe influence of buckwheat addition on physical properties, texture, colour and sensory characteristics of extruded corn snacks are presented in this paper. Snacks were prepared with a single screw extrusion-cooker TS-45 with L:D=12:1, shaped on the circular open die 3 mm, screw speed during processing was set to 120 rpm. Buckwheat flour was added in the amount from 10 to 50% of corn grits mass. Selected physical properties, cutting force and texture with Kramer cell were evaluated. The sensory characteristics and acceptability of buckwheat enriched snacks were evaluated. The expansion ratio lowered, whilst bulk density and durability increased with a higher level of buckwheat addition. Fracturability and hardness lowered with higher buckwheat amount in the recipe. Colour measurements showed lower L* and higher b* values with higher buckwheat addition. Higher buckwheat amount influenced lower sensory notes of snacks. 50% of corn grits mass. Selected physical properties, cutting force and texture with Kramer cell were evaluated. The sensory characteristics and acceptability of buckwheat enriched snacks were evaluated. The expansion ratio lowered, whilst bulk density and durability increased with a higher level of buckwheat addition. Fracturability and hardness lowered with higher buckwheat amount in the recipe. Colour measurements showed lower L* and higher b* values with higher buckwheat addition. Higher buckwheat amount influenced lower sensory notes of snacks.
One of the methods that can reduce the transmission of Salmonella from the reproductive tract to eggs can be the application of antibiotic therapy of infected hens. Studies characterizing the antibiotics effectiveness in salmonellosis therapy have shown that the therapy can only decrease the number of the bacterial population but it does not fully eliminate bacteria. The aim of the study was the assessment of the therapy of hens with selected antibiotics on the presence Salmonella Enteritidis in the content of eggs. The investigations were conducted in two stages. In the first stage the hens were infected experimentally with Salmonella Enteritidis. In the second stage the hens that had been infected were treated with selected antibiotics (enrofloxacine, norfloxacin, flumequine, amoxycillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid). In the present study S. Enteritidis was isolated from eggs that were laid during a 12 to 24 day interval post inoculation in all experimental groups but at individual days the quantity of infected eggs varied. On the 24th day post inoculation there was the highest amount (29.4%) of all contaminated eggs. After antibiotic therapy in some groups of hens there were no infected eggs. This pertained to the birds which were treated with enrofloxacine and norfloxacin. The result of the therapy with amoxycilln, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and flumequine in the other groups was only the reduction of the quantity of infected eggs. The findings presented above demonstrate that the antibiotic therapy of hens infected with Salmonella Enteritidis has not always been effective in the elimination of these bacteria from the tissues of the reproductive tract but the therapy with enrofloxacine and norfloxacin can eliminate the possibility of salmonellas transmission into the contents of the eggs. Moreover, these examinations have shown the correlation between the infection of reproductive tract organs (ovary, oviduct) and the contents of eggs (yolk, white) that were laid by hens infected with Salmonella Enteritidis.
Variety of traits important in diagnostics and epidemiology of pathogenic microorganisms may change due to antibiotics. Movement ability, that is characteristic for every serovar except from Salmonella Gallinarum-Pullorum, is important to salmonellas. In own experiments using semi-fluid MSRV medium, it was found that a decrease in salmonella sensibility to selected antibiotics and chemiotherapeutics due to passage might lead to weakening of its movement ability. Movement ability of all strains (S. Enteritidis, S. Dublin, S. Typhimurium) after passage with amoxycillin, neomycin, Colistin and enrofloxacin became weakened as compared to results achieved before passage. The strongest inhibition of movement ability was most often observed in strains after passage on medium with Colistin. It seems to be associated with the action mechanism of the antibiotic. Colistin injuries cellular membranes, where flagella (active motoric organ of Salmonella) are anchored. Appearance of drug-resistance as a result of passage at the presence of antibiotics may cause variability of biochemical properties of Salmonella rods and leads to weakening of movement ability of ciliated Salmonella.
The purpose of the study was both to estimate the electrophoretic profiles (SDS-PAGE) of outer membrane proteins among Salmonella Enteritidis strains isolated from humans and poultry, as well as to identify the antigens which can induce the appearance of a specific antibody response among vaccinated animals. The densitometry analysis of electrophoregrams showed that a single protein complex of 21 fractions was distinctive for strains grown in standard conditions. Among these fractions those with 20, 22, 35 and 37 kDa characterized by high optical density were found dominant. A single protein profile with 24 fractions was also characteristic of strains grown in conditions with restricted access to iron ions. A high optical density was a feature of proteins with 19, 35, 37, 55 and 74 kDa. Adding of 200 µM 2,2’-dipirydyl to the culture medium caused the expression of proteins and 78 kDa taking part in obtaining and transporting iron through S. Enteritidis within a mass range of 19, 55, 70, and 74. Densitometry analysis of electrophoregrams obtained from nitrocellulose membranes for proteins from bacterial strains grown in conditions with restricted access to iron ions indicated the presence of specific, intensive reactions towards the antigens of 35 and 55 kDa. As far as proteins obtained from bacterial culture grown with and without the addition of chelator were concerned, distinctive reactions were found towards antigens of 35 and 58 kDa. The main protein present in electrophoregrams of bacteria grown both with and without a supplement of chelator and in immunoblotting reactions was that of 35 kDa, belonging to porins of OmpA type.
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