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Heat shock proteins have essential roles in a number of pathophysiologic conditions including carcinogenesis and represent a group of novel molecular markers in cancer management. The aim of this study was to investigate heat shock protein expression in correlation with other neoplasm traits such as: histological type, differentiation grade, proliferative activity, estrogenic receptor expression, and cyclooxygenase-2 and p53 proteins. Material for the investigation comprised 133 tumors of the mammary gland collected from bitches. In total 14 adenomas, 66 complex carcinomas, 47 simple carcinomas and 6 solid carcinomas were collected. Evaluations were conducted with histopathological and immunohistochemical methods using suitable antibodies. Expression of heat shock protein 70 was observed in all types of evaluated neoplasms. A higher average number of cells undergoing expression of heat shock protein 70, which was statistically insignificant, was established in complex and simple cancers and in cancers with the 1st and the 2nd degree of histological malignancy. Expression of heat shock protein 90 was observed in all studied neoplasms; it was very insignificant in adenomas, compared to cancers, and the highest expression was established in the solid cancers, as well as in cancers with the 2nd degree of histological malignancy. This high expression of heat shock protein 90 was correlated with proliferative activity. The results suggest that heat shock protein 90 is involved in canine mammary gland carcinogenesis. The results also suggest that heat shock protein 90 may be a prognostic factor, but this requires detailed clinical confirmation.
Autophagy is a self-degradation process of cellular components. It plays both antiviral and pro-viral roles in the life cycle of different viruses and the pathogenesis of different viral diseases. In this study, we evaluated autophagy induction in splenocytes of ectromelia virus (ECTV)-resistant C57BL/6 and ECTV-susceptible BALB/c mice during infection with the Moscow strain of the ectromelia virus (ECTV-MOS). Autophagy was analyzed using the Western blot method by assessing type II microtubule-associated protein 1 (MAP1) light chain 3 (LC3) and Beclin 1 expression levels relative to β-actin. Results indicated an increased ratio of LC3-II to β-actin in splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice only at 7 day post infection (d.p.i.) compared to uninfected animals. LC3-II/β-actin and Beclin 1/β-actin ratios in splenocytes of BALB/c mice increased at 5 d.p.i. and remained high until day 14 and 7 p.i., respectively. We confirmed the formation of autophagosome structures in the spleen of BALB/c mice by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, autophagy accompanied necrosis in the splenocytes of infected animals. Results suggest that ECTV-MOS induced autophagy, especially in the spleen of the susceptible mouse strain, may support viral replication and promote cell necrosis.
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