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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The changes in force of motor units (MUs) following changes in activation pattern are still not well understood, especially in relation to the relaxation course at decreasing rate of stimuli. It is known that at linearly decreasing stimulation rate the force decrease is slower than expected when comparing to the constant stimulation frequency. The present study aimed to verify a hypothesis that at a sudden decrease of stimulation frequency the force decrease is also lower than expected. METHODS: The research was conducted on 4 adult female Wistar rats under pentobarbital anesthesia. 8 slow (S), 16 fast fatigable (FF) and 26 fast resistant (FR) MUs were isolated. Studied MUs were stimulated with the several trains of stimuli composed of three phases: first, 500 ms at low frequency, second, 300 ms at high frequency and third, 500 ms at the same low frequency for fast motor units and 1000 ms at low frequency, second, 300 ms at high frequency and third, 1000 ms at the same low frequency for slow motor units. The tested low frequencies for fast MUs were 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 Hz, and high frequency amounted to 75 Hz, whereas for slow motor units low frequencies were 10, 12.5, 15, 20 and 25 Hz and high frequency amounted to 50 Hz. RESULTS: Surprisingly, for MU of the three types at the middlefused tetanic contractions (the fusion index 0.15–0.80) the sudden switch from high to low frequency evoked the transitory force decrease below the force level at initial low-frequency stimulation. On the average the decrease amounted to 15.99% and the highest noted decrease amounted to 40%. Among the three MU types the force decrease was most frequent and the strongest for FR MUs. CONCLUSIONS: The phenomenon most probably is related to low-force generating state of cross-bridges in muscle fibers at a new overlapping following the force decrease and/or to a slow adaptation of stretched collagen fibers to the lower force level in the contracting muscle.
In this article we demonstrate the efficiency of autologous transplantations of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for equine bone spavin treatment. Horses qualified to the study were divided into three groups: (i) research – treated with intra-articular injections of autologous stem cells, (ii) comparison treated with steroid drugs and (iii) control – untreated. All animals underwent comprehensive clinical examination before and after treatment. Our research confirms the long-term beneficial influence resulting from stem cell therapy in horse bone spavin treatment, in contrast to routine steroid usage.
INTRODUCTION: The changes in force of motor units (MUs) following changes in activation pattern still are not fully understood, especially in relation to effects of decreasing rate of stimuli. It is known that at linearly decreasing stimulation frequency the force decrease is slower than expected when comparing to the constant stimulation frequency. AIM(S): The aim of study was the explanation of recently observed surprising transitory force decrease resulting from a sudden decrease in stimulation frequency. METHOD(S): The research was conducted on 6 adult female Wistar rats under pentobarbital anesthesia. 24 slow (S), 38 fast fatigable (FF) and 65 fast resistant (FR) MUs were isolated. Studied MUs were stimulated with several trains of stimuli composed of three phases: first, 500 ms at low frequency, second, 300 ms at high frequency and third, 500 ms at the same low frequency. The tested low frequencies for fast MUs were 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 Hz, and high frequencies amounted to 75, 90 and 150 Hz, whereas for slow motor units low frequencies were 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20 and 25 Hz and high frequencies amounted to 50 and 75 Hz. Moreover, these trains of stimuli were tested at different levels of muscles stretching (30 mN, 100 mN, 200 mN) for all types of MUs. RESULTS: Among the three MU types the studied force decrease was most frequent and the strongest for FR MUs. The highest noted decrease amounted to 36.5%. The greatest transitory force decreases were observed at muscle passive stretch of 100 mN. For MUs of the three types the force decrease was observed at middle-fused tetanic contractions (the fusion index 0.30–0.95). CONCLUSIONS: The phenomenon most probably has biomechanical background and is conditioned by distribution of contracting muscle fibers in a deep part of muscle and slow adaptation of stretched collagen fibers to the lower force level of contracting muscle fibers at reduced stimulation frequency. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: National Science Centre, Poland.
We determined sulphate-reducing activities in media inoculated with soils and with kettle lake sediments in order to investigate their potential in geomicrobiological processes in low-temperature, terrestrial maritime Antarctic habitats. Soil and sediment samples were collected in a glacier valley abandoned by Ecology Glacier during the last 30 years: from a new formed kettle lake sediment and forefield soil derived from ground moraine. Inoculated with these samples, liquid Postgate C and minimal media supplemented with various carbon sources as electron donors were incubated for 8 weeks at 4°C. High rates of sulphate reduction were observed only in media inoculated with soil. No sulphate reduction was detected in media inoculated with kettle lake sediments. In soil samples culture media calcite and elemental sulphur deposits were observed, demonstrating that sulphate-reducing activity is associated with a potential to mineral formation in cold environments. Cells observed on scanning microscopy (SEM) micrographs of post-culture-soil deposits could be responsible for sulphate-reducing activity.
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