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W artykule omówiono powstanie i etapy wdrażania Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej - WPR (CAP) w krajach EWG/UE oraz rolę organizacji pozarządowych w tym procesie. Przedstawiono obszary i formy oddziaływania tych polskich organizacji na proces dochodzenia Polski do członkostwa w UE. Proces ten przebiega żywiołowo, ale ogólnie nie najlepiej. W procesie tym powinny wziąć aktywny udział związki rolnicze i branżowe oraz samorząd terytorialny. Słaby jest postęp w dostosowywaniu prawa polskiego do unijnego w sprawach rynku i systemów ekonomicznych. Szczególny jest przypadek sektora owoco- wo-warzywnego w UE, gdzie jest on raczej wspierany i chroniony niż dofinansowywany. Polskie organizacje pozarządowe nie podjęły dotąd aktywnych prac w sprawie negocjacji z WTO.
A method was described of ultimate strength calculation of compressed steel panels proposed for shipbuilding applications. The calculations consist in applying Finite Element Method (FEM) to a model composed of finite shell elements. Large displacement values and plastic flow of material are taken into consideration. Results of ultimate strength calculations of an example panel under compression were compared with those from experimental tests. Accuracy of a proposed simple method of ultimate strength assessment based on the longitudinal bending theory of rod with initial deflections, was also investigated
W pracy oceniano aktywność fagocytarną neutrofllów krwi obwodowej szczura (PMN) w zależności od narażenia na N-nitrozodimetyloaminę (NDMA). Wyniki przeprowadzonych testów w konfrontacji ze stężeniem N-nitrozodimetyloaminy we krwi obwodowej zwierząt sugerują związek pomiędzy narażeniem na NDMA a zdolnością fagocytarną neutroflli.
The aim of our work was to study choosen parameters of iron balance after exposure on low concentration of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). Studies were performed on male Wistar rats of body weight 200 g, which were exposured on NDMA in concentration of 10 μg/dm3, 20 μg/dm3, 50 μg/dm3 in drinking water. The assays of choosen parameters of iron balance (iron concentration in serum, liver and spleen, total and latent serum iron-binding capacity, percentage of transferrin saturation and the concentration of hemoglobin and hematocrit value) were performed after 10, 30 and 90 days of exposure. The exposure of animals on NDMA in concentration of 10μg/dm3 did not evoke significant changes in choosen iron balance parameters. After exposure of rats on NDMA in concentration of 20 μg/dm3 the increasing of hemoglobin concentration in dependence on the time of persisting of exposure was observed. The latent iron-binding capacity was decreased in comparison to the control and the percentage of transferrin saturation was significantly increased in 30-th and 90-th day of the experiment. Iron concentration in spleen was increased in dependence on time of persisting of exposure on NDMA. Other parameters were not changed. The exposure of rats on NDMA in concentration of 50 μg/dm3 caused the decreasing of hematocrit value, hemoglobin concentration and iron concentration in serum. The latent iron-binding capacity and percentage of transferrin saturation significantly decreased in comparison to control group. Iron concentration in liver was increasing after 30 days of exposure, but in spleen it was decreasing after the same time. The exposure of animals on NDMA in concentration of 20 μg/dm3 and 50 μg/dm3 caused disturbances of iron balance in rat organism. These changes were different in dependence on the concentration of NDMA.
This study investigated the kynurenine metabolism in rats treated with cadmium. We used an animal model at the levels of Cd corresponding to human environmental and occupational exposure to this metal which allows the assessment of its early effect on the structure and function of kidneys. We observed significant decrease in the serum concentration of tryptophan (TRP) and its metabolites: kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HKYN), which was accompanied by a decrease in KYN derivatives in kidney and liver tissues. This effect was dependent on the level of Cd exposure. Regression analysis showed negative correlations between blood concentrations of Cd and TRP derivatives in serum, kidney and liver tissues. Conversely, the urinary concentration of KYN and KYNA increased. Changes in product degradation of TRP after Cd treatment were proportional to the severity of renal damage and correlated with the concentration of proximal tubular injury marker — urinary isoenzyme B of N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase (NAG-B). Our results seem to indicate that intoxication with Cd induced significant disturbances in the peripheral kynurenine pathway.
We evaluated the possibility of using the urinary concentrations of tryptophan metabolites such as kynurenine (KYN) and kynurenic acid (KYNA) for monitoring cadmium (Cd) exposure and detecting early effects of its action in the kidney. For this purpose, we analyzed correlations between urinary excretion of both metabolites, Cd concentration and the activity of isoenzyme B of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG-B), recognized as one of the most sensitive markers of Cd nephrotoxicity. The study was conducted on rats using an experimental model, corresponding to human environmental and occupational exposure to Cd. The rats were administered 5 and 50 mg Cd/l of drinking water for 24 weeks. The administration of Cd resulted in a marked dose-dependent increase in KYN and KYNA elimination. Regression analysis revealed a linear correlation between urinary Cd concentration and KYN or KYNA excretion as well as between urinary NAG-B activity and KYN or KYNA elimination. We hypothesize that metabolites of tryptophan via kynurenine pathway such as KYN and especially KYNA can be used to monitor chronic exposure to Cd.
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