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The present study was carried out on sexually mature boars. All the animals were injected with fast blue into right testis and then divided into four groups (G1- control animals, G2 - hemicastrated, G3 - castrated, and G4 - castrated and injected with testosterone). After 3 weeks, G1 pigs were transcardially perfused. In G2 pigs right testes, whereas in G3 and G4 animals both testes were removed. G4 pigs were injected with testosterone. After 2 weeks, the pigs were transcardially perfused and then their caudal mesenteric ganglia (CaMG) and anterior pelvic ganglia (APG) were collected. The ganglia were cut into 12 µm-thick cryostat sections. Sections were stained using antisera against TH or DßH, VACHT or CHAT, NPY, VIP and GAL, and androgen receptor (AR). Immunohistochemical staining of CaMG-sections revealed that approximately 74% of FB-positive (FB⁺) neurons contained immunoreactivity to TH or DßH, whereas 4% of FB⁺ cells were VACHT-positive. Among FB⁺/DßH⁺ neurons, 72% contained NPY and 2% stained for GAL. All FB⁺/VACHT⁺ neurons were also VIP⁺. 62% of FB⁺ somata were NPY⁺, whereas 6% stained for VIP. In all experimental animals, numbers of FB⁺perikarya immunoreactive to TH (approx. 30%) and DßH (approx. 50%) were smaller than those found in G1 animals, whereas numbers of neurons displaying immunoreactivity to other substances studied were higher. The most significant increases regarded those expressing GAL (approx. 30%) and VIP (approx. 20%) whereas less distinct changes dealt with NPY⁺ and VAChT⁺ or ChAT⁺ neurones. In APG, 60% of FB⁺ neurons contained immunoreactivity to TH or DßH, whereas 12% of FB⁺ cells were VACHT-positive. Among FB⁺/DßH⁺ neurons, 55% contained NPY and 3% stained for GAL. All FB⁺/VACHT⁺ neurons were also VIP⁺. 46% of FB⁺ somata were NPY-IR, whereas 19% stained for VIP. In all experimental pigs, the immunohistochemical properties of the APG FB⁺ neurones were similar to those found in relation to CaMG-perikarya. Neurones of both studied ganglia were surrounded by dense networks of VACHT-positive nerve fibres. The most apparent changes in the immunohistochemical features of the FB⁺ neurons evoked by bilateral castration were observed in G3 pigs; whereas changes found in G4 were very similar to those observed in G2 animals.
This is the first report dealing with the localisation and morphology of the proximal (jugular) ganglion in the pig. Six 3 months old pigs of both sexes were used in this study. Tissues were stained with three histological methods: Klu¨ver-Barer counterstained with Cresyl violet, Haematoxylin-eosin and Mayer’s haematoxylin. The localisation and morphological features of the ganglion and ganglionic neurones were described and discussed.
The ontogeny of the catecholaminergic system of the median eminence (ME) arcuate nucleus (ARC) complex (MEARC) has been studied in various animal species but so far, nothing has been learnt about the development of catecholaminergic structures in the porcine MEARC. To study this problem the hypothalami from animals at different ages (six groups) were collected. Nerve structures immunoreactive (IR) for the substances studied [(tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine b-hydroxylase (DbH) and phenylethanoloamine-N-metylthransferase (PNMT)] were found in the pigs at different age periods. In MEARC, TH-IR structures appeared before the 70th day of foetal life, DbH-IR before the 10th week of postnatal life and PNMT-IR only in sexually mature sows.
The aim of the present work was to identify GCL, OYD and LYS and to assess the degree of their distribution in crop and ornamental plants from the genus Allium. Two groups of plants from the genus Allium were used. The first group included 10 botanical species, while the second group was composed of seven commercial A. sativum cultivars and two genotypes. Identification of GCL, OYD and LYS in leaves, inflorescences, and bulbs was performed with the use of the ELISA test. All plants in the first group consisting of botanical species of the genus Allium were free from the viruses studied, whereas in commercial A. sativum cultivars a high prevalence of GCLV, OYDV and LYSV infection reaching 88.2%, 75% and 32.1%, respectively, was reported. Varying severity of infection in the particular plant organs was found.
The study was carried out on three 4-month old female pigs. All the animals were deeply anesthetized and transcardially perfused with 4% buffered paraformaldehyde (pH 7.4). Vestibular ganglia (VG) were collected and processed for double-labelling immunofluorescence method. The preparations were examined under the Zeiss LSM 710 confocal microscope equipped with adequate filter blocks. Neurons forming VG were round or oval in shape with a round nucleus in the center. The majority of them (58%) were medium (M) (31-50 μm in diameter) while 28 % and 14% were small (S) (up to 30 μm in diameter) or large (L) (above 50 μm in diameter) in size, respectively. Double-labeling immunofluorescence revealed that VG neurons stained for CGRP (approx. 81%; among them 70.5%, 26.2% and 3.3% were M, S and L in size, respectively), VACHT (57%; 63% M, 24% S, 13% L), Met-Enk (25%; 60% M, 12% S, 28% L), VIP (20%; 88% M, 6% S, L), NPY (15%; 67% M, 20% S, 13% L), GAL (15%; 74% M, 21% S, 5% L), SP (12%; 69% M, 25% S, 6% L) and NOS-positive (12%; 50% S, 50% M). The most abundant populations of intraganglionic nerve fibers were those which stained for CGRP or Met-Enk, whereas only single SP- or NOS-positive nerve terminals were observed.
The study was performed on six male chinchillas. The animals were anaesthetised with ether and the anaesthesia was deepened with nembuthal injected intraperitoneally. The chinchillas were then transcardially perfused with 0.4 L of 4% buffered paraformaldehyde, and testes, epididymides, and vasa deferentia were collected. The tunica albugínea from one testis from each chinchilla was stained as whole-mount preparation. The tissues were cut into 12 µm-thick cryostat sections, and processed for double-immunofluorescence method. In all organs studied, the most abundant nerve fibres were dopamine ß hydroxylase positive (DßH⁺). Some of them contained neuropeptide Y (NPY). Sporadically NPY-positive-only nerve fibres were found. Single DßH⁺ nerve terminals contained also galanine. Small numbers of the nerve fibres supplying studied organs were stained for substance P (SP) and calitonin gene related peptide (CGRP). Almost all SP⁺ fibres were also CGRP⁺, whereas single CGRP⁺ nerves were SP- immunonegative. Some nerve terminals were immunoreactive to vesicular acetylcholine transporter and vasoactive intestinal peptide. The organs studied were innervated unevenly. The highest density of the nerves was found in the areas of the tunica albuginea adjacent to the mesorchial border of the testis and their number gradually decreased towards the free border of the gonad. None of the vascular tissue of the testicular parenchyma was free of the nerve fibres, except sporadically encountered DßH⁺ nerves which supply seminiferous tubules. Within the head of the epididymis a moderate number of nerve terminals were found, but in the body and tail of the organ the number of nerves gradually increased. The vas deferens was supplied with very numerous nerve fibres. There were no differences in the density of the innervation between the funicular and abdominal part of the vas deferens.
The study was carried out on three 4-month old female pigs. All the animals were deeply anesthetized and transcardially perfused with 4% buffered paraformaldehyde (pH 7.4). Left and right superior vagal ganglia (SVG) were collected and processed for immunofluorescence labeling method. The preparations were examined under a Zeiss LSM 710 confocal microscope equipped with adequate filter block. Neurons forming SVG were round or oval in shape with a round nucleus in the center. The majority of them (52%) were medium (M) (31-50 μm in diameter) while 7% and 41% were small (S) (up to 30μm in diameter) or large (L) (above 50 μm in diameter) in size, respectively. Double-labeling immunofluorescence revealed that SVG neurons stained for CGRP (approx. 57%; among them 37%, 9% and 54% were M, S and L in size, respectively), SP (14.5%; 72.4% M, 3.4% S, 24.2% L), VACHT (26%; 63% M, 24% S and 13% L ), GAL (14%; 57% M, 29% S, 14% L), NPY (12%; 53% M, 12% S, 35% L), Met-Enk (5%; 40% M, 6% S and 54% L), PACAP (15%; 52% M, 24% S and 24% L),VIP (6.3%; 67% M, 8% S and 25% L), and NOS-positive (6%; 31% M and 69% L). The most abundant populations of intraganglionic nerve fibers were those which stained for CGRP or GAL, whereas only single SP-, PACAP- or Met-ENK-positive nerve terminals were observed.
Combined retrograde tracing (using fluorescent tracer Fast blue) and double-labelling immunofluorescence were used to study the distribution and immunohistochemical characteristics of neurons projecting to the trapezius muscle in mature male rats (n=9). As revealed by retrograde tracing, Fast blue-positive (FB+) neurons were located within the ambiguous nucleus and accessory nucleus of the grey matter of the spinal cord. Immunohistochemistry revealed that nearly all the neurons were cholinergic in nature [choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive]. Retrogradely labelled neurons displayed also immunoreactivities to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP; approximately 60% of FB+ neurons), nitric oxide synthase (NOS; 50%), substance P (SP; 35%), Leu5-Enkephalin (LEnk; 10%) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP; 5%). The analysis of double-stained tissue sections revealed that all CGRP-, VIP- and LEnk-immunoreactive FB+ perikarya were simultaneously ChAT-positive. The vast majority of the neurons expressing SP- or NOS-immunoreactivity were also cholinergic in nature; however, solitary somata were ChAT-negative. FB+ perikarya were surrounded by numerous varicose nerve fibres (often forming basket-like structures) immunoreactive to LEnk or SP. They were also associated with some CGRP-, NOS- and neuropeptide Y-positive nerve terminals.
The aim of the study was to investigate the expression of biologically active substances in intramural neurons supplying the ileum and large intestines (caecum, spiral colon and descending colon) in normal (control) pigs and in pigs suffering from dysentery. Higher numbers of galanin (GAL)-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)- and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive (-IR) neuronal somata were found in the myenteric (MP), and outer (OSP) and inner submucus (ISP) intestinal nerve plexuses in dysenteric pigs as compared to control animals. Additionally, the density of substance P (SP)- and VIP-IR nerve fibres in the studied tissues was higher in dysenteric than in controls animals, whereas the number of CGRP-IR nerve fibres remained unchanged, or even was lower in the experimental pigs. The number of SP-IR nerve cell bodies in the MP of all intestinal segments studied was comparable in dysenteric and control pigs. An increased number of SP-IR perikarya were observed in OSP and ISP of the ileum, cecum and centripetal turns; whereas the number of SP-IR somata was lower in the plexuses of centrifugal turns and the descending colon. The number of nerve fibres found in all layers of the intestinal wall was lower in dysenteric pigs. Each of the intramural plexuses in all the intestinal segments studied contained less than 1% of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-IR neurones and this characteristic was similar both in dysenteric and control pigs. The number of NPY-IR nerve fibres increased slightly in the plexuses as well as in both muscular layers and mucosa.
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide existing in two variant forms (of either 27 or 38 residues), widely present in numerous organs and evoking multiple effects both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the distribution pattern of PACAP-27 expression in the ovine pancreas. Using double immunohistochemical stainings co-localizations of PACAP-27 with galanin, SP or CRF were studied in intrapancreatic neurons. In intrapancreatic ganglia, immunoreactivty to PACAP-27 was found in 87.6 ± 5.4% of PGP 9.5-positive intrapancreatic neurons but not in intraganglionic nerve fibres. Numerous PACAP-27-im-munoreactive nerve terminals were also observed between pancreatic acini and around small arterioles. No immunoreactivity to PACAP-27 was found in the endocrine pancreas. In 42.9 ± 6.2% of PACAP-27-immunoreactive intrapancreatic neurons the expression of galanin was also found. Statistically lower subpopulation (12.4 ± 4.0%) of intrapancreatic neurons exhibited simultaneously the immunoreactivity to PACAP-27 and SP. The expression of CRF was detected in the relatively smallest group (3.2 ± 1.4%) of PACAP-27-positive intrapancreatic neurons. The present results suggest that in the ovine pancreas PACAP-27 may play an important role as mediator of pancreatic functions. In PACAP-related pancreatic activities, a modulatory role of galanin, SP and to a lower extend of CRF is also likely.
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