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The study compares honey production in bee colonies with instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated queens. Poland has a special place in the world in terms of the numbers of instrumentally inseminated queens. Our country uses more of them than all other countries taken together. The dense distribution pattern of apiaries in Poland prevents any control over natural mating, while at the same time many bee-keepers who look for valuable breeding material decide to use instrumentally inseminated queens in their honey-making colonies. The cost of purchasing an instrumentally inseminated queen should be compensated by an increased productivity of the colony. The study was aimed at determining whether that was possible. The comparison was carried out at a large professional apiary in the season of 2008. Two comparison groups were created of 12 colonies each. Honey was harvested 3 times during the season. The average production of honey in the group with in-strumentally inseminated queens significantly exceeded average production in that with naturally mated queens.
The matings and selection of horses for the breeding stock in national Arabian horse studs from the 1947-1948 to 1996-1997 seasons were analysed. The data were examined taking into account the average values of the inbreeding coefficient (F). It was stated that breeders constantly avoided mating highly-related horses. Matings which concluded in abortion exhibited a higher level of inbreeding, while those which were either barren or ended in the death of the foal were characterised by lower average values of the inbreeding coefficient. In the selection of horses for the breeding stock, breeders preferred stallions with lower inbreeding coefficients. Moreover, among the stallions of the same father those with F values below the average were selected (statistically significant regularity). This tendency, however, was not observed in the selection of mares.
Histological analyses were conducted of the annual cycle of male gonads of spiny-cheek crayfish Orconectes limosus Raf. Although changes in the male gonads throughout the year are clearly evident, they are not uniform in all males. Spiny-cheek crayfish mate mainly in the autumn from September to November. After mating, the gonads of male crayfish can be divided into two groups according to their histological structure. In the first group there is an abundance of sperm in the gonads, while the testicular tubules in the second group are either empty or contain a small amount of sperm. This division remains until May. In May, the histological picture of the gonads is uniform, and there are either very few or no tubules containing sperm. In June O. limosus males occur in two forms. The histological pictures of first- and second-form male gonads do not differ. However, beginning in July and also in August and September, the gonads of first- and second-form males do differ. First-form male crayfish gonads contain more sperm than those of second-form males. From October onwards, all of the males are first-form, and primarily spermatids and sperm are visible in the gonads. The possibility that the spiny-cheek crayfish mates twice annually, once in autumn and again in spring, is discussed based on changes observed in the histological picture of the gonads.
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