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The purpose of the research was to define the influence of cultivar, growing season and grain largeness on its extractivity, which was determined by Bishop’s formula. The experimental material was: barley grain of Rudzik, Brenda and Scarlett cultivars, from growing seasons of 2000-2003, originating from the region of Lower Silesia, taken from raw material supplied to malthouses, as well as grain from 10 cultivars of brewing barley (Class, Blask, Riviera, Lailla, Hanka, Sebastian, Bolina, Philadelphia, Tolar, Stratus), from the growing season of 2005, from Agricultural Experimental Station in Pawłowice In the fractionated barley grain there were determined protein content and thousand grains weight. Malts of Pilzen type were obtained as a result of brewing barley grain malting in laboratory conditions for 6 days. After mashing, there was determined the content of extract in congress worts. On the basis of extract content malt extractivity was calculated. These data were compared with the extractivity of barley grains, determined by Bishop’s formula and differences analyzed statistically. It was stated that the application of Bishop’s formula in the evaluation of the malting usability of brewing barley grain, especially in multi-year analyses, enables predicting the extractivity of Pilzen type malts with high accuracy. Differentiated cultivar-specific traits, changeable weather conditions during growing seasons as well as grains fractionation in terms of their thickness neither impair nor significantly change the effects of predicting the malting usability of brewing barleys with the formula of Bishop.
Microstructure of malting barley kernels is one of the most significance factor of malt quality and is determined using simple evaluation of vitreous or mealy areas. The object of investigation was to verify the hypothesis, that the colour of endosperm of malting barley kernels depends of variety. The investigated materials were grains of 13 varieties of malting barley. The similarity of varieties was estimated by the electrophoresis of hordeins. The colour was measured using DIA system LUCIA G. It was found, that only the varieties for which the hordein image differed most (Maresi, Sezam, Granal) also differed in terms of the endosperm colour. The differences were statistically significant at p = 0.05. In majority of investigated varieties the endosperm colour was not specific variety feature, however, they are distinguished by hordein electrophoresis.
The influence of malting temperature (according to “Activated Germination Malting”) and decreased pH of steeping water on malt ferulic acid esterase activity and acetic acid esterase activity were studied. The pH value of water applied for steeping did not influence ferulic acid esterase activity changes during malting, and an increase of the malting temperature to 22oC caused a decrease in ferulic acid esterase activity in kilned malt. Ferulic acid esterase was not thermostable and a decrease in ferulic acid esterase activity was observed at 35oC. In order to promote ferulic acid esterase activity during mashing, the temperature of the mash must be held below 40oC during the first stages of the mashing process. Acetic acid esterase is another accessory enzyme taking part in arabinoxylan degradation during malting and mashing. Application of the water with a decreased pH level (5.2 versus 7.4) during steeping of the grain of both tested barley varieties caused nearly complete acetic acid esterase inactivation during malting. During mashing, acetic acid esterase was inactivated at 45oC, and the role of this enzyme during mashing is considered to be marginal.
Malnutrition of varying degrees has been associated with feeding infants with unwholesome and poor quality complementary foods. Therefore, the aim of this study was to produce complementary foods from quality protein maize (QPM) using the processes of malting and fermentation. The resulting flour was blended with processed soy bean fl our at a ratio of 70:30 (maize: soybean). The nutritional qualities of the complementary foods were assessed biologically using animal feeding experiment to determine the growth rate, feed intake, protein quality parameters, haematological properties and rehabilitation potentials. The results showed that the protein efficiency ratio (PER) and food effi ciency ratio of the malted QPM fortifi ed with soybean were 2.44 and 0.24, respectively, which was the highest among the formulated diets and compared favourably with casein (2.5) and commercial diet (2.3). The QPM-based diets had a better biological value (>60%) and true digestibility (>60%) than the products from normal maize. The packed cell volume of the samples ranged between 23.00 (basal) and 46.00% (soy fermented normal maize). The QPM-based diets enhanced the quick recovery of protein starved/depleted animals better than the NM-based diets. Moreover, the addition of soybean further boosted the ability of the diet to rehabilitate the animals. The best result was seen in the group of rats fed with soy-malted QPM. The use of QPM in complementary food formulation gave better results and could alleviate the problem of protein and energy malnutrition, thereby reducing the mortality rate among infants.
The influence oľ 4 strains of Geotrichum candidum yeasts, used as starter cultures in the process of steeping of Rudzik and Maresi barley grain, on basic biotechnological qualities of malts was researched. The comparative sample was malt obtained from grain disinfected with the use of formalin. It has been observed that Rudzik grain was more susceptible to the influence of G. candidum starter cultures. In samples of this variety the starter cultures brought about higher extract yields of malts, higher protein modification and darker worts. From among the strains which were used, G. candidum 1 significantly influenced the qualities of malts rising their diastatic power and extract content, improving the dynamics of wort filtration and reducing its viscosity.
W pracy badano zmiany zawartości β-glukanów oraz aktywności β-glu- kanazy podczas słodowania w dziesięciu odmianach jęczmienia browarnego. Określono również zawartość β-glukanów w brzeczkach sporządzonych z otrzymanych słodów. Stwierdzono, że poziom β-glukanów w badanych jęczmieniach wahał się w granicach 2,5-4,5% s.s., a najwyższy był w odmianach ‘Cooper’ i ‘Rudzik’. Proces słodowania powodował redukcję tych związków nawet o ok. 80%. Zawartość β-glukanów w brzeczkach doświadczalnych była skorelowana z ich zawartością w jęczmieniach. Podczas słodowania obserwowano znaczący wzrost aktywności β-glukanazy, chociaż nie stwierdzono istotnej korelacji miedzy aktywnością enzymu a zawartością β-glukanów w brzeczce kongresowej.
Enzymes are one of the most important factors in beer production. They are present on each stage of production and their activity creates product quality. Well understanding of their activity is important in understanding of whole process of production. Nowadays there are bigger capabilities for control of enzymatic processes also external enzymes can be added for improving of parameters in each stage of beer production.
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