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A thermo tolerant, feather-degrading, newly isolated actinobacterial strain Streptomyces minutiscleroticus DNA38 was investigated for its ability to produce keratinase. Maximum production (283.4 IU) of keratinase by Streptomyces minutiscleroticus DNA38 in starch chicken feathers medium under submerged bioprocess was observed at optimized conditions of pH 9.0 of the medium and 45 °C incubation temperature. Further, an enhanced production (435.8 IU) of keratinase was achieved employing response surface methodology. Combined interactive effect of starch (7.50 g/L), yeast extract (0.74 g/L) and chicken feathers (7.50 g/L) were found to be the critical process variables for enhanced production under central composite design. Chicken feathers showed a direct action and addition of starch and yeast extract to the medium proved effective for a significant increase in the production of keratinase. The purified keratinase was monomeric and had a molecular mass of 29 kDa. The enzyme activity was significantly inhibited after pH 9.0 and temperature 50 °C.
Keratinolytic abilities of Bacillus polymyxa B20 and B. cereus B5esz were evaluated in liquid cultures in mineral media containing chicken feathers. Both tested strains were capable of effective liquefying and biodegradation of feather keratin, up to 56.5 – 72.1% in ten-day cultures, releasing considerable amounts of hydrolysis products. Tested bacteria were mesophilic species, producing highest activity of keratinases and proteases in the presence of keratin (1%) as a sole nutrient source or keratin supplemented with yeast extract, at 30℃. Keratinases of B. polymyxa were predominantly highly alkaline serine proteases, with optimum activity at 50℃, while B. cereus produced mainly a mixture of neutral proteases, optimally active at 45℃. Keratinolytic potential of tested bacterial strains could find a variety of applications, including utilization of keratinous waste from poultry industry and obtaining keratin hydrolysate-based soil fertilizers.
The increasing generation of keratinic wastes by the poultry industry stimulated research on novel, costeffective methods of keratin protein management respecting current environmental regulations. Enzymatic treatment of feather waste with microbial keratinases appears to be one of the most promising methods to obtain valuable products. Nevertheless, the action of keratinolytic proteases requires the support of disulfide bond-reducing agents to reveal their full potential. The presented study was aimed at evaluating effects of moderate thermo-chemical feather pretreatment, preceding hydrolysis with two crude microbial keratinases from Bacillus cereus B5esz and B. subtilis P22. Keratinases of both tested strains exhibited capability for degradation of native feathers, but substrate pretreatment resulted in significant improvement of the process. Application of 10 mM sulfite in the pretreatment remained to be the most appropriate option, leading to 160% or 95% activity enhancement of keratinases from B. cereus and B. subtilis, respectively. Pretreatment with 10 mM NaOH also gave a satisfactory effect. Pepsin digestibility was mostly influenced either by 1 mM sulfite pretreatment or by sole autoclaving. Crude keratinase from B. cereus, a potent keratinase producer, expressed only four times lower specific activity against raw feathers in comparison to purified commercial proteinase K, and the action of both enzyme preparations was influenced by sulfite pretreatment of the substrate. Additionally, the concentrated culture broth of B. cereus B5esz proved to be highly applicable in degradation of raw feathers, especially in the presence of sulfite or sulfite-pretreated feathers.
W badaniach wykorzystano 3 szczepy bakterii: Bacillus subtilis B3, B. cereus B7e, Flavobacterium multivorum P1 oraz jeden szczep należący do drożdży Geotrichum candidum PH1. Obserwacje mikroskopowe wykazały, iż wszystkie badane szczepy zarów­no w monokulturach, jak i w hodowlach skojarzonych wykazywały tendencję do adhezji na powierzchni szkła, a następnie tworzyły biofilm. Ponadto, w podłożu zawierającym pióra kurze jako źródło C i N, syntetyzowały i wydzielały pozakomórkowe keratynazy, których najwyższe aktywności oznaczono w hodowli B. cereus B7c (21,7 J.K.) oraz F. multivorum P1 (18,25 J.K.). Hodowle mieszane bakterii B. cereus x F. multivorum i bakteryjno-droż- dżowe B. cereus x G. candidum, podobnie jak monokultura drożdży G. candidum PH1 charakteryzowały się niższą aktywnością keratynaz, wynoszącą 13 jednostek.
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