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The conversion of muscle into meat is a complex process in which all mechanisms responsible for the development of meat qualities are very likely interdependent. Understanding the complicated biochemical mechanisms regulating cell death processes after slaughter may help us in the future to provide better solutions for pre-slaughter animal handling and post-slaughter interventions to manage meat toughness. Differentiating muscle cell death processes after slaughter from apoptosis or necrosis may consequently lead to enhanced technological meat quality. Many results have indicated that a number of molecules such as those from the caspase family are likely to be involved in the cell death process after slaughter and also in meat tenderization. Apoptosis as a unique possible route for cells and tissues of a dead animal and for all animal species may constitute a new way of thinking about the post-mortem development of the organoleptic qualities of the final product, namely meat. Analysis of the consequences of apoptosis can brings possible answers to many questions about the conversion of muscle into meat.
Changes in the structure enzyme proteins occurring under high pressure can in some cases limit the usefulness of the high pressure technique in the preservation or mild processing of food. However, other changes can be advantageous in forming functional properties of food products. High pressure can affect the activity of proteolytic enzymes of meat by changing their conformation or releasing organelles from the cell and through the increase in concentration of activators or inhibitors in a reaction medium. Changes in enzyme activity, mainly of cathepsins and calpains, caused by high pressure affect the texture of meat. The final effect depends on many factors, primarily on the parameters of pressurization and the post mortem state of meat. The enzymes of coldwater fish are more sensitive to high pressure than their counterparts present in mammal meat or fish living in warm waters. The high pressure causing partial inactivation of oxydoreductases and lipolytic enzymes prevents the deterioration of the sensory quality of the product.
Amino acid sequences of proteins taken from the SWISS-PROT database were analysed using the computer programme PROTEIN searching for fragments identical to bioactive peptides in chains of plant seed protein and localizing bonds susceptible to enzymatic proteolysis. Sequences of proteins from barley (Hordeum vulgare), rice (Oryzae sativa), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor milo), oat (Avena sativa), soybean (Glycine max), pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima), sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and vetch (Vicia pannonica) were analysed. Fragments with potential antihypertensive activity were present in proteins of all these plants with the exception of vetch. Fragments with potential immunomodulating (pumpkin and sunflower) and antithrombotic (vetch) activity were also found. Proteolytic enzymes may liberate bioactive peptides from plant proteins. Inmost cases the action of two enzymes is necessary. The need occurs especially in the case of protein hydrolysis by prolyl endopeptidases ( EC 3.4.21.26) or alkaline proteinase from Tritirachium called proteinase K (EC 3.4.21.14) and intracellular proteinase from Streptococcus thermophilus (EC 3.4.24.4). Proteolytic enzymes of the digestive tract, such as chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1), trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4), elastase (EC 3.4.21.36) or pepsin (EC 3.4.23.4) can also take part in the liberation of some active fragments.
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