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The publication addresses the issue and the mechanism of remuneration of the labour factor in agriculture. An analytical approach with empirical examples was used, the reasoning is carried out in the microeconomic convention. Basing on analytical formulas the relationships between (a) proportion of food in consumer’s expenditure, (b) supply and demand for factors of production and the prices thereof, (c) prices of agri-food goods and remuneration of factors of production, in particular labour factor, were examined in the paper. That constitutes the mechanism of remuneration of labour factor and its level (level of farm incomes).
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Selected determinants of demographic safety

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The article presents, in a simplified manner, selected theories of population to explain the current trends of population development in Poland and throughout the world. The aim of the article is to present the demographic threats that have emerged in the last eighty years. Prognosticated age structures have also been predicted. Significant differences between the structure of the population now and the future have been indicated, particularly regarding the ageing of the population. Against the background of global transformations analyzes of changes in Poland have been conducted. The comparison shows that changes in Poland are highly analogous to transformations around the world, such as declining birth rates and increasing life expectancy. These changes cause ageing of the population, which could result in the collapse of the functioning of the labor market and the pension system as it currently exists.
The aim of the research, in which the questionnaire method was used, was to analyse food preferences and their determinants within the group of persons selected on the basis of sex. On the basis of the research results it can be stated that the features of food were pointed most often among the factors conditioning the food preferences. Simultaneously the features of food were most often acknowledged for the reason of not liking some food. It appeared that the food preferences of the examined population produced the evidence with enough large stability. However more frequent changes were observed in the direction from the lack of acceptance of some food to the food liking. The features of the population in a little degree differentiated the food preferences and the opinions about factors that determine these preferences.
The subject of this study was the analysis of determinants and functioning of farm tourism in the communes of the Wieprza River basin. There was performed the analysis of determinants of farm tourism development in the area of communes located in the Wieprza River basin and characteristics of functioning of farm tourism in agritourism farms in the studied area along with the analysis of selected features of tourist traffic on the basis of field research that had been carried out.
The paper reviews the concept of sustainable development, indicating its various dimensions. Natural environment in developed countries became almost entirely anthropogenic. Under such conditions, the way of using natural resources has to change as well. It is forced by the new needs and priorities described above, i.e. a demand for an assurance concerning renewability of natural resources as well as pro-social and pro-environmental criteria of the resources allocation. The fundamental objective of the paper is an attempt at elaboration of the new land rent concept and fi nd the answer to the question: Does a land need capital stimulus to be productive in a sustainable development? Authors formulated the hypothesis: the reason for the land rent to occur are intrinsic land utilities which in the commodity money economy cause the expected productivity of capital factor in agriculture to be higher than in its market environment. Therefore, the value of land rent is determined by a positive difference between the expected productivity of capital in agriculture and in its market environment.
Two centuries ago, Asia delivered over 60 percent of world production; in the middle of the 20th century it was less than 20 percent. Currently, it is twice as large and this share is still increasing, above all but not only, because of China whose production is still growing at a rate twice as fast as the world average. China is trying to maintain high economic dynamics, inter alia, through investment external expansion. This aim is to be served, among others, by the infrastructure project, drawn up with enormous verve, known as the New Silk Road, which the Middle Kingdom addresses to 65 countries on three continents. While some hope for accelerating their own economic growth, others warn against the risk of becoming dependent on China. The article analyzes these challenges, pointing to the desired directions of irreversible evolution globalization by giving it a more inclusive character, which is also strongly emphasized by the Chinese authorities in their official enunciations.
The paper presents the results of empirical research conducted among farmers from different Polish provinces. The study involved 140 farmers, where half of them were young people (so-called young farmers, in the age under 40), and the remaining – older farmers. The attitudes of farmers towards innovation were examined, taking into account some factors of human capital. The study was conducted using the survey method. Based on the obtained results the significant relationship between the level of education and the quality of human capital was indicated. The younger, well-educated farmers are looking for new solutions and willing to implement innovations. Despite the pro-innovative attitudes, implementation of new solutions is very difficult. In the opinion of respondents, the most important barrier to the implementation of innovation is not the lack of knowledge and information about new solutions, but the lack of funds and the high cost of new technologies.
The aim of this paper is twofold. Firstly, an attempt is made to analyze the concept of open innovation and its determinants with particular regard to food industry. Secondly, an investigation of open innovation drivers is conducted, using a small-scale sample of Polish food firms. The sample consists of 15 food producers localized in the Lublin province. The Probit model has been used in the analyses. The results reveal that the level of technology and export orientation are the drivers of co-operation in innovation activities. In turn, expenditures on R&D and employees’ training reduce the propensity of enterprises to adopt the open innovation approach.
The objective of this study is to analyze the competitiveness through the prism of its theoretical background, methods of empirical estimation and influence factors. This paper contributes to the theoretical research on competitiveness not only by the synthesis of old and new writings as well as the findings of the exploratory studies, but also by concept synthesis of competitiveness. Since the concept of competitiveness can be reported to individual product/service, enterprise/farm, industry, economic sector, region, nation or international economic blocks, the attempts towards creating one common definition of competitiveness seem to be doomed to fail. Thus, our study does not answer the question which of the definitions proposed in the literature best capture commonly used notions of competitiveness, but our concern is about the ambiguity of those definitions which hampers the measurement and comparison of competitiveness. In order to mirror complexity of the aspects referring to the competitiveness we suggest using composite indicators to measure competitiveness. An important limitation of the empirical research on competitiveness is imperfect comparability of results across studies using different variables (features) describing competitiveness.
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The article aims to analyze the concept of eco-innovations emphasizing the motivations for implementing them, and effects of the eco-innovation process. The author presents the principal definitions of eco-innovations. Various motivations triggering eco-innovations are presented with a focus on regulatory and market factors. Entrepreneurs should be encouraged to adopt eco-innovations because they contribute to sustainable development which is the only way for a world that is challenged by global population growth, climate change, declining non-renewable resource stock, water shortages, and environmental degradation. The effects of eco-innovations can be both positive and negative. The main aim of eco-innovations is to decrease the environmental burdens of entrepreneurial activity. However, a new attitude towards eco-innovations emphasizes the role of economic returns and supplies security. The types of effects of environmentally friendly innovations discussed in the paper include environmental, technological, economic, social, cultural and managerial.
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A commercial GLOBALG.A.P. standard and an integrated production system are the most popular methods to ensure the quality and safety of fruits. The implementation thereof in fruit farms is a consequence of food law requirements and expectations of consumers who want to consume products that are of high quality and, in the first place, safe for health. The implementation of those quality assurance (QA) methods is a prerequisite for selling products to large international retail chains at home and abroad. Motives for and barriers to application of QA methods were identified based on a survey of fruit growers, including those who implemented a GLOBALG.A.P. standard, and on interviews with experts. It was found that the major motives for implementing QA systems in orchard farms in Poland were the following: increased sale opportunities, entering new markets with products, and meeting customer requirements. Amidst the major barriers were the lack of economic incentives and the lack of knowledge about the methods and systems of quality assurance.
Unfavourable tendencies resulting from global economic crisis influence economic situation on the job market and career prospects for college graduates. Obtaining a degree does not guarantee employment with the acquired qualifications. That is why more and more candidates choose subjects that provide greater chances of employment in the educated profession. One of such options is Faculty of Wood Technology in Warsaw (SGGW). The article presents survey findings. The statistical survey was conducted at the Department among 180 full-time and part-time students regarding the primary factors determining their choice of studies.
The aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting the development of production of pulses to be used as commodities or feeds on farms in Wielskopolska. The survey was conducted on 184 farms in 2012, where farmers were interviewed with a questionnaire. There was a minimal share of pulses in the crop structure on the farms under study. Low cost-effectiveness of production and yield instability were some of the reasons why the respondents did not start the production of pulses. Another important reason was the absence of the market to sell such products.
The work contains a short characterisation of customers’ behaviour on the market of selected dairy products. An attempt was made at an identification of the factors shaping the conduct of purchasers. It has been shown that customer satisfaction should become one of the main objectives of the enterprise. Customer satisfaction, including its measurement, constitutes part of an overall evaluation of the firm’s effectiveness and productivity. The study of satisfaction shows whether the enterprise has planned and realised its calculably defined objectives pertaining to the customer. The correlation between the customer satisfaction and the volume of sales is an argument strongly supporting the policy of turning in the direction of using customer satisfaction, and to be more precise, the information obtained by analysing its measurement in planning, supervision and innovation of the firm’s systems. An adequate determination of the value expected by the customer will be decisive in achieving success by the firm. The value should be understood in terms of consequences (customer’s hierarchy of values) and not in terms of the product’s attributes. Getting to know the customer will allow the enterprise to influence their conduct via suitable strategies, in particular product strategies, prices, distribution and promotion.
The aim of the study was to examine to what degree the consumers’ attitudes towards food and health influence their interest in sweets with special health-promoting properties, and to evaluate the effect of age, gender, education and family income on the interest in this kind of sweets. The research was carried out on a representative sample of 1000 adult Polish consumers. The survey instrument consisted of questions assessing consumers’ interest in sweets, their preferences and attitudes towards sweets, paying attention to sweets labeled as having specific nutritional properties, and acceptance of additional ingredients aimed at improving health properties of sweets. The research revealed that over half of the population declared no interest in new chocolate-coated products with special health properties. Moreover, almost 4/5 of respondents did not pay attention to or buy any sweets labeled as having specific nutritional properties. The most accepted components improving health properties of sweets were vitamins, then fibre and minerals. The declared sweetness preferences did not show any statistically significant correlation with the consumers’ interest in sweets with health-promoting properties. Significantly higher number of respondents who did not use food as a reward and who could not formulate their opinions on health effect of sweets, declared attention paid to sweets labeled as having health-promoting properties or purchase of these products.
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