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An active biomonitoring study was carried out on the Algerian west coast using wild reference mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) sampled from the Kristel (K) site and transplanted in net cages during one month (between May and June 2007) to Oran Harbour (OH) and Mostaganem Harbour (MH), areas characterised by high levels of urban and industrial pollution. The biological response of the mussels was evaluated by their condition index and the use of a general stress biomarker (evaluation of lysosomal membrane stability: the neutral red retention time (NRRT) method), a genotoxic effects biomarker (determination of micronuclei (MN) frequency) and a neurotoxic effects biomarker (determination of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) concentration). Compared to the K reference specimens, OH and MH caged mussels presented a significant decrease of NRRT in lysosomal haemocytes (56.45±26.48 min and 67.25±22.77 min, respectively) (78±16.97 min for K mussels), an MN frequency respectively 7.3 and 9 times higher in the haemocytes and the gill cells of the OH caged mussels, and 7.2 and 6.4 times higher in the two tissues of the MH caged mussels. Significant inhibition of AChE activity was noted in the gills (16.93±3.1 nmol min−1 mg prot−1) and the digestive gland (7.69±1.79 nmol min−1 mg prot−1) of the OH mussels, but only in the gills (23.21±5.94 nmol min−1 mg prot−1) of the MH mussels, compared to the organs of the K control specimens (35.9±6.4 nmol min−1 mg prot−1 in the gills and 11.17±0.49 nmol min−1 mg prot−1 in the digestive gland). This study reflects the interest in such in situ biomonitoring assays and the utility of these biomarkers for assessing the effects of pollution in the Algerian coastal marine environment.
Diets supplemented with Mytilus galloprovincialis from polluted and non-polluted waters and their influence on zinc content in liver of rats loaded with cholesterol. Mussels may reflect the environmental problems that the ecosystem faces. Mytilus galloprovincialis is widely used as an indicator of water pollution in biological monitoring studies. These mussels are filter feeders and may accumulate important ecosystem pollutants what in turn may pose a potential risk to other organisms in the food chain. The aim of the study was to determine zinc content in the diets supplemented with mussels from polluted and non-polluted areas and in the livers of rats fed these diets for 30 days. The zinc content in the diets with mussels from contaminated and noncontaminated waters and in rat livers was examined using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Perkin-Elmer 1100B). The slight increase in zinc content from 73.2 ±1.2 mg/ /kg in ch diet (control with 1% of cholesterol) to 77.2 ±0.5 mg/kg in the diet with mussels from polluted site was found, but zinc content in all diet was within the normal limits reviewed by McDowell (1992) – 40 to 100 ppm. Zinc content in the diet supplemented with mussels from nonpolluted site (73.7 ±3.7 mg/kg) was similar to that found in ch diet. It can be concluded that cholesterol does not affect zinc bioaccumulation. However, prolonged consumption of mussels from contaminated sites may increase accumulation of zinc in the liver of rats.
Invertebrates are widely used as sentinels of metal bioavailability in water quality monitoring programmes due to their capability to accumulate bioavailable metals water and sediments. Several factors, for instance changes in flesh weight, may affect metal concentration in soft tissues and hence metal bioavailability estimations. The estimation of bioavailability by means of metal/shell-weight indices may provide an alternative approach. Here, it has been applied to a clean estuary (Urdaibai) which receives occasional metal inputs and where mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis exhibit different growth patterns at different geographical sites. Metal/shell-weight indices calculated over a one-year period did not change with the season since they do not depend on changes in flesh weight. In addition, these indices did not differ between sentinel populations of mussels with different growth patterns. The metal/shell-weight indices appear to be sensitive to changes in the bioavailability of metals since they reflect changes in Cd, Cr and Pb bioavailability in the Urdaibai estuary. Thus, the use of these indices is highly recommended for environmental monitoring programmes in coastal and estuarine waters because they offer an easily calculated indication of metal bioavailability.
The frequency of micronuclei (MN) was determined in haemocytes of native mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, collected at five sites along the Eastern Adriatic coast in Croatia, four times throughout the year to evaluate seasonal variability in connection with possible genotoxic pollution. Chosen sites were either near closed industrial facilities or in tourist resorts. Mussels from a mussel farm were used as control. Seasonal variations in MN frequency were not observed for the control mussels, but for other investigated sites clear seasonal variations were observed. The highest frequency of MN was observed in summer on all studied sites, elevated in comparison to the control, while the lowest frequency was detected in autumn except for one site. These results pointed out that seasonal changes are observed only at polluted sites, most probably caused by seasonality of pollution as well as by interaction between contaminants and higher metabolic and filtration rates in mussels, resulting in higher values of cytogenetic damage.
The Algerian west coast is the prime recipient ofsev eral forms of pollution; hence, the necessity for an impact assessment of this coastal pollution using a suite ofr ecommended marine biomarkers, including lysosomal membrane stability in living cells by the Neutral Red Retention Time (NRRT) method, the evaluation ofmicron ucleus (MN) frequency, and the determination ofacet ylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis, sampled from the large, polluted Oran Harbour (OH) and the Maˆarouf( Mrf) marine mussel farm between July 2005 and April 2006. The difference in the variations oft he annual physical parameters between OH and Mrfco rresponds to the influence ofthe domestic and industrial sewage discharged by the city ofO ran. The biological data ofthe mussels (condition index, protein content) recorded at both sites were related to their natural reproductive cycle. This indicated that intrinsic variation between the sites due to different mussel development phases was minimal. The variation in the AChE activity of some organs ofO H and Mrfm ussels, with minimal inhibition in July and a higher NRRT recorded in the granular haemocytes in the Mrfthan in the OH mussels during the autumn and spring, depends on the quality ofthe biotope and on generic stress factors. Moreover, the variation in MN frequency, in general reflecting a non-significant seasonal and spatial genotoxic effect ofthe contamination at the two sampling sites, requires further investigations regarding biotic and abiotic variations.
Nutritional quality parameters of eight commercially important bivalve species (Arca noae, Flexopecten glaber, Limaria tuberculata, Mimachlamys varia, Modiolus barbatus, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Ostrea edulis and Solen marginatus) from the Ionian Sea (Southern Italy, Mediterranean Sea), were determined. The meat yield and lipid nutritional quality indices (atherogenic index, thrombogenicity index and hypocholesterolaemic/hypercholesterolaemic fatty acid ratio) have been also evaluated. Meat yield values ranged from 31.4% in F. glaber to 44.5% in M. varia. The results showed that all species might be considered as food items with interesting dietetic properties due to high contents of proteins, minerals (Ca, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu), essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and to low cholesterol content. Among PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) exhibited the highest levels in M. galloprovincialis (11.74%) and in M. varia (14.41%), respectively. Elevated n-3/n-6 ratio characterized the fatty acids profile of all species ranging from 2.65 in F. glaber to 7.19 in M. galloprovincialis. The lipid nutritional quality indices showed that M. varia, M. galloprovincialis, O. edulis, S. marginatus, and L. tuberculata might have beneficial effects on the consumer’s health. This paper will be of practical value from a health perspective for populations who consume shellfish and a powerful marketing tool for farmers of the bivalves.
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