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Materiał badawczy stanowiły 124 mieszańce uzyskane w wyniku krzyżowania krów rasy czarno-białej, u których udział genów rasy holsztyńsko-fryzyjskiej nie przekraczał 25 %, z buhajami: rasy czarno-białej (25 buhajów) i ras mięsnych (99 osobników). Celem badań było porównanie cech histologicznych i właściwości fizykochemicznych wołowiny w zależności od występowania włókien olbrzymich w mięśniach buhajów czarno-białych i mieszańców towarowych. Wykazano, że włókna olbrzymie występowały częściej w mięśniach mieszańców z rasami mięsnymi. Wśród mieszańców towarowych wykazano je w 42 % populacji, a w grupie buhajów rasy czarno-białej w 20 % populacji. Obecność włókien olbrzymich związana była z większą aktywnością ATP-azy miofibrylarnej, a transformacja włókien FTO w tych mięśniach skutkowała zwiększeniem udziału włókien FTG (54, 4 - 58,5 %) i wzrostem: względnej powierzchni przekroju włókien o metabolizmie beztlenowym oraz indeksu beztlenowego AnF% (4,18 - 5,47). Stwierdzono, że mięśnie zawierające włókna olbrzymie wykazywały częściej cechy odstępstw jakościowych: pH₄₈ większe niż 5,8, mniejszą jasność barwy oraz większą zdolność utrzymywania wody.
The aim of the study was to determine if any sphincter-like areas are present in the gastrointestinal tract arteries of domestic cattle, and to establish their morphology and topography. It was achieved by analysing the celiac trunks of seven cows. By the means of a light microscopy evaluation, thickenings in the tunica media of the celiac artery and its primary branches were detected. Having determined their topography, a histometric measurement was carried out and encompassed the thickness of the tunica media, the number of circular layers of muscular cells and elastic fibres at the thickest point of the vessel and above it. Electron microscopy of the thickenings demonstrated at least three types of cells: fibroblast-like, typical myoblasts oriented perpendicularly to deeper-situated myocytes and cells with smooth muscle-cell characteristics, as well as numerous centres of elastin and collagen.
A microscopic study was carried out on 10 specimens of visceral and superior mesenteric arteries and their branches, taken from domestic pigs. Some thickenings in the middle tunic of the visceral artery and its main branches were observed. The thickenings appeared at intervals of about 2 cm and were even several centimetres long. The structure of the thickenings was similar. Besides numerous circularly arranged elastic fibres, it contained clusters of modified myocytes located under the stratifying internal elastic membrane. In cross-sections, the myocytes, lying perpendicularly to the proper muscle layer, looked like epithelial cells, and due to that, they were defined as epithelial muscle cells. They formed a distinct ring around the vessels (superior mesenteric artery). They may play the regulatory function in relation to the circularly arranged myocytes.
The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and opioid family member Leu⁵-enkephalin (LENK) have already been established as playing independently significant roles in the functioning of the female genital tract. However, the mutual influence of both neuropeptides on female genital function has not been examined until now. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the distribution of VIP- and/or LENK-immunoreactive (IR) structures throughout the female genital tract of the pig. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that the great majority of the immunopositive structures co-expressed both peptides. Nevertheless, a small population of exclusively VIP- or LENK-IR processes and perikarya were also distinguished. The muscular layer of the organs examined revealed the greatest density of VIP- and/or LENK-IR nerve fibers. The mucosa of the ampulla, isthmus, cervix and vagina was supplied with a moderate number of single labeled LENK-IR processes, while exclusively VIP-IR fibers were found mainly in vaginal mucosa. The infundibulum was found to be poorly supplied with single labeled VIP- or LENK-IR fibers. The paracervical ganglion (PCG), the expected source of VIP- and/or LENK-IR nerve fibers innervating the organs under investigation, has been found to contain double labeled LENK-/VIP-IR as well as single labeled VIP-IR perikarya. The great number of specific co-localization between VIP and LENK in nerve processes of the porcine female genital organs may indicate a functional regulatory interaction between the neuropeptides studied, requiring further study.
The detailed description of the distribution of endocrine cells G and D producing important hormones that regulate activation of other cells in the human stomach may be a valuable source of information for opinions about mucosa changes in different diseases of the alimentary tract. The density and distribution of immunoreactive G and D cells in the pylorus of humans (donors of organs) were evaluated. The pylorus samples were collected after other organs were harvested for transplantation. The number of G cells in the pyloric mucosa of healthy people was higher than the number of D cells. G and D cells were distributed between columnar cells of epithelium mucosa. Multiform endocrine cells generally occurred: gastrin in the middle third of the mucosa and somatostatin cells in the basal half of the pyloric mucosa. The investigation of the pyloric part of the healthy human stomach showed a characteristic distribution of cells that reacted with antisera against gastrin and somatostatin. (Folia Morphol 2012; 71, 1: 39–44)
The research material consisted of 850 two-year-old Thoroughbred horses of both sexes representing Polish breeding. The animals came to Race Track in Służewiec to participate in trainings. The animals were observed for the incidence of trauma during the period of four years: from the middle of December 1985 to the end of December 1989. On the basis of the observations, leg injuries were recognised in 513 (60.4%) horses. Total number of injuries was 861 (some horses were injured more than once). In cases of pathologic changes observed in legs or limp, the animals were subjected to detailed orthopaedic examination in Służewiec Horse Hospital in Warsaw. In most cases radiological images were taken to confirm the diagnosis. The fetlock joints were the ones, which were most frequently injured in the horses examined. The incidence of trauma was high and constituted almost half of all the recognised injuries.
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