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Seasonal deviations in proximate composition and intramuscular profile of fatty acid of one of the prolific specie of fish Labeo rohita in Indus River, Pakistan, were studied. The lipid content was significantly higher (p<0.05) in spring (1.95%) followed by winter (1.36%), autumn (0.98%) and summer (0.95%). Protein fluctuates directly with lipids, highest percentage was observed in spring 23% while lowest in summer 20%. As compared to other seasons, higher contents of moisture (75.65%) were found in summer, whereas more plentiful nutrients were available in the spring, which cause an increase in the amount of parched material therefore decrease in the moisture content (72.91%) was observed. In all sampling seasons, in fish oil the most abundant fatty acids were palmitic acid (16:0), oleic acid (18:1), n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA 20:5) and n-3 docosahexanoic acid (DHA 22:6). The sum of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) was 42% in spring, 37% in winter, 36% in autumn and 32.02% in summer. In the total fatty acids the levels of DHA in spring, winter, autumn and summer were 16.63%, 15.71%, 15.12%, 13.05% and while those of EPA were 4.35%, 5.52%, 4.59% and 5% respectively. During all seasons the total n-3 fatty acid was found higher in contrast to n-6 fatty acid. The highest ratio of n-3/n-6 was recorded during winter 1.84, while PUFA/SFA ratio was found higher in spring 2.33.
The fatty acid composition of principally conjugated linoleic isomers and cholesterol content of some Pakistani dairy products (butter, cheese, yoghurt and cream) are reported. The most abundant saturated fatty acids within the dairy products studied were palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0) and myristic acid (C14:0), contributing 50-55 g/100 g of total fatty acids. The oleic acid (C18:1) content was considerably higher (21.20-24.12 g/100 g of total fatty acids) than the other unsaturated fatty acids in all dairy products examined. The mean cholesterol content ranged between 91-200 mg/100 g in total fat. A positive correlation between cholesterol and fat content (r=0.6288) of dairy products was found for pooled data. Among dairy products investigated, cheese contains higher mean values (p<0.05) of CLA (9.00 mg/g) as compared to butter (8.18 mg/g), yoghurt (8.27 mg/g) and cream (8.52 mg/g) samples. In order to understand the factors that affect the CLA levels in dairy products the whole production system needs to be carefully checked, with special attention to animal feeding patterns, characteristics of milk used and different stages in processing.
Ber is a tropical fruit which grows from the tree species, Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk. The pericarp of this fruit is consumed either fresh or dried while its seeds are usually discarded as waste. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antioxidant activity and phenolic content of the fruit, and to evaluate if any potential value-added phytochemicals can be extracted from seed waste. The edible portion of the fruit was extracted with 60% aqueous methanol by sonication and then assayed for total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and individual phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD. The seed oil extracted with n-hexane was assayed for fatty acid composition, sterols, and tocopherols content by GC-MS. The total phenolic content of the fresh fruit was 12.8 mg/g as gallic acid equivalent, with an antioxidant activity of 0.5 μmol/g as quercetin equivalent by Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH assays respectively. Hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillin, ortho- and para-coumaric acid, epicatechin, quercetin, and naringenin were tentatively identifi ed by matching retention time and UV spectra with those of commercial reference standards. GC-MS analysis of the TMS derivative of fruit extract showed the presence of following compounds: propanoic, hexanoic, heptanoic, octanoic, nonanoic, decanoic, dodecanoic, n-pentadecanoic, hexadecanoic, benzoic, and trihydroxybenzoic acids. In addition, D-fructose, galactofuranoside, gluconic acid, and β-sitosterol were also detected. In seed oil of ber, the fatty acids such as, hexanoic, octanoic, 7-octadecenoic, 9,12-octadecendoic, eicosanoic, 11-eicosenoic, and docosanoic acid with 7-octadecenoic acid, were found to make up 55% of total fatty acids. Squalene, γ-tocopherol and stigmasterol were identifi ed as minor constituents in the unsaponifi able fraction of seed oil. Current study shows that ber fruit is a good source of healthy phytochemicals.
Mulberry trees are distributed throughout Pakistan. Besides its use in forage and food for animals, it is also used as herbal medicine. This study is carried out to determine phenolic acids profile, sugar content, and the antioxidant activity of the leaves and fruits of three mulberry species (Morus alba L., Morus nigra L. and Morus laevigata W.) grown in Pakistan. Dried fruits and leaves of three mulberry plant species were extracted by three different methods. The extracts were analysed by HPLC with diode array detection for phenolic acids. Antioxidant activity and sugar content were determined using spectrophotometric assays. The structure of chlorogenic acid was confirmed by LC-MS/MS analysis. The major phenolic acids were identified as gallic, protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, chlorogenic, syringic, p-coumaric, ferulic and m-coumaric acids. Chlorogenic acid was the prominent phenolic acid in all leaves samples collected from three mulberry species and optimum extraction of chlorogenic acid was achieved using 80% aqueous methanol with ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Total phenolic compounds as determined by Folin-Ciocalteu assay were in the range of 3.89 to 11.79 mmol/ 100 g gallic acid equivalent, whereas antioxidant activities by DPPH assay ranged from 22.85–76.88 μmol/100 g quercetin equivalent. The concentration of sugars in different samples ranged between 36.56-82.15 mmol/ 100 g sucrose equivalent. This is the first report on identification of phenolic acids and antioxidant activity in the extracts of three cultivars of mulberry plants grown in Pakistan. This information will be of considerable value to the commercial producers of mulberry trees in the country.
The present study deals with characterisation of Bauhinia purpurea seed oil and meal for the quality evaluation. The characteristics of the extracted oil and the seed residue (meal) were determined out for their possible utilizations. The extracted oil was also analysed for iodine value, saponification value, unsaponifiable matter, acid value, peroxide value, refractive index and colour values. Fatty acid composition analysis by gas chromatography has shown that linoleic (55.34%) and oleic (11.84%) acids were the predominant unsaturated fatty acids, while palmitic acid (17.47%) and stearic acid (11.40%) were the major saturated fatty acids. Three tocopherols and six phytosterols were identified and quantified; among these, α-tocopherol and β-sitosterol was predominant, respectively. The physiochemical characteristics has revealed that Bauhinia purpurea oil has nutritive and dietetic potentialities. While proximate analysis of meal has shown that it my be used in the manufacturing of poultry and animal feeds.
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