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The study presents quantitative analysis of the humus horizons of mountain soils in the Stołowe Mountains (south−western Poland) diverse in terms of parent material and stand species structure. The study included moder ectohumus horizons (Ol − raw humus, Ofh − detritus humus) and Ah mineral humus horizon in brown soils developed on granite, siltstone and permian sandstone. The examined profiles was located in Norway spruce or beech forests representing the fresh mountain forest habitat.
Celem badań była charakterystyka właściwości fizycznych oraz zdolności retencyjnych gleb posta¬wowych, wytworzonych z piasków występujących na terenie Parku Krajobrazowego „Dolina Ba¬ryczy", użytkowanych jako grunty leśne, orne i trwałe użytki zielone. Analizowane gleby reprezen¬towane były przez 6 profili - (33 próbki glebowe). W pobranym materiale glebowym oznaczono: skład granulometryczny, gęstość właściwą i objętościową, pF w zakresie od 0 do 2,7. W składzie granulometrycznym dominowała frakcja piasku. Gęstość fazy stałej gleby oscylowała w przedziale od 2,35 do 2,64 gcm-3, gęstość objętościowa gleby suchej w przedziale od 0,96 do 1,70 gcm-3, porowatość całkowita od 35,1 do 55,0%. Wartość potencjalnej retencji użytecznej wyniosła od 4,2 do 45,8% v/v, natomiast efektywna retencja użyteczna wahała się w przedziale od 2,0 do 10,3% objętości gleby.
In many ways, the Barycz Valley is a unique region. For one thing, it contains the highest number of fish ponds in Poland. Secondly, it is free from heavy industry and large cities. Thus, this region may be considered considerably clean, and the observed concentrations of trace elements are typical for non-degraded environments. There is, however, a threat of excessive accumulation of trace elements such as Zn, Pb and Cu in waters of the rivers in the Barycz drainage basin, received from point sources, and especially supplied with wastewater. These rivers play a very important role; namely, they are the source of water for filling up numerous ponds (Marek 1989). On the other hand, any seepage of river waters into the groundwater may cause excessive concentrations of trace elements in soils near the ponds. The objective of the study was to analyse and assess sorption properties of sandy soils used as hay meadows. As the study was conducted in a special bird protection area (SBP) included in the European Ecological Network Nature 2000, special attention was paid to the content of selected trace elements. The following analyses were performed on the collected soil samples: particle size distribution, pH in 1 mol KCl dm-3, TOC, N total, content of exchangeable base cations (Ca+2, Mg+2, K+, Na+) and total content of the metals Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb and Cu. The genesis of the examined soils seems closely linked to the very wet moistened local environment, which significantly influenced the physical and physicochemical soil parameters. These soils were formed in a region crisscrossed by a dense network of watercourses of the Barycz River drainage basin, with strong ominant aquaculture traditions. The sum of base exchange cations (S) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) in the examined soils are strongly affected by the particle size distribution, the fact confirmed by significant positive relationships with the silt fraction and colloidal fraction, and significant negative correlations with the sand fraction. Higher content of Zn, Pb and Cu in surface genetic horizons of the examined soil profiles may point to the anthropogenic origin of the metals. Despite the dominant sandy texture, the soils are characterised by a thick humus horizon, abundant in TOC and TN, which increases their capacity for trace element accumulation. Our assessment of the contamination of these soils with Zn, Pb and Cu did not demonstrate any excess in terms of the permissible levels of the trace elements.
This paper describes the fractional composition of humus substances and physico-chemical properties of ectohumus horizons in forest soils (Haplic Cambisols (Distric) and Albic Podzols) developed from various parent materials and in various forest sites: mountain mixed forest witch beech tree, spruce forest witch spruce monoculture, mountain mixed forest witch beech, sycamore maple and larch and mountain mixed forest witch spruce and larch. Reactions of the analyzed soils were strongly acidic. Organic C content was in the range of 21-48% and total N reached values between 0.68-1.63%. The fractional composition of humus substances was analyzed using the Tiurin method. Fraction Ia (extracted with 0.05 mol dm⁻¹ H₂ SO₄ ) constituted a rather insignificant part (1.03-3.63% of Corg) of humus compounds. Humus was dominated by fraction I (extracted with 0.1 mol·dm⁻¹ NaOH) (27.4 - 42.5% of Corg). The ratio of CHA:CFA was within the range of 0.75-1.35 and increased in deeper organic subhorizons. Non-extracted C was within the range of 55.7-69.7% of Corg. In all the ectohumus samples investigated, the highest humification degree was found in the deepest organic subhorizon.
Study presents physical−chemical and chemical properties of humic acids in ectohumus (Ol and Ofh) and mineral humus (A) horizons of brown soils developed on granite, siltstone and permian sandstone. The examined profiles were located in forest habitat representing the fresh mountain forest under spruce and beech stands growing on moder type of forest humus.
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Analizowano zawartość mikroelementów (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni) w podtypach czarnych ziem wrocławskich zróżnicowanych gatunkowo. Wykazano wpływ części spławialnych oraz składu frakcyjnego związków próchnicznych w kształto­waniu ilości mikroelementów w poziomach orno-próchnicznych. Wysoką korela­cję dodatnią wykazała zawartość części spławialnych z ilością Cu, Fe, Zn, Ni, po­dobnie udział kwasów huminowyoh związanych z Ca wykazał korelację z Cu i Fe.
The aim of the study was to analyze the fractional composition of humic compounds in ectohumus O and humus A soil horizons in two forest associations: Galio Sylvatici-Carpinetum and Alno-Ulmionin relation to chosen physical-chemical properties of soils.The following analyses were performed on collected soils samples: texture, pH in 1mol KCl dm⁻³, exchangeable acidity, organic C, N total, the contents of exchangeable cations of alkaline character (Ca⁺², Mg⁺², K⁺, Na⁺) and fractional composition of humic compounds using the Tiurin method. River alluvial brown soils were investigated. The soils were characterised by an acidic reaction and a typical distribution of organic matter with maximum content in the accumulative horizon. Fraction Ia (fulvic fraction, consisting of low compound fulvic acids, extracted with 0.05 mol dm⁻¹ H₂SO₄) accounts for a rather insignificant part (1.14-7.11% C total) of humic compounds. Humus is dominated by fraction I (humic compounds bound with calcium and mobile forms of R₂O₃, extracted with 0.1 mol dm⁻¹ NaOH). This fraction is significantly different and in the range from 9.14 to 49.68% C total; in turn the CHA/CFAratio has a value between 0.69-2.59. Fraction II (humic compounds bound with the stable silicate forms of R₂O₃) is placed in the range 1.30-6.09% C total. Non hydrolyzing C constitutes 46.55-88.18% of C total.
Celem badań była charakterystyka właściwości fizycznych oraz zdolności retencyjnych czarnych ziem wytworzonych z piasków występujących na terenie Parku Krajobrazowego „Dolina Bary¬czy", użytkowanych jako grunty leśne. Analizowane gleby reprezentowane były przez 5 profili - (26 próbek glebowych). W pobranym materiale glebowym oznaczono: skład granulometryczny, gęstość właściwą i objętościową, pF w zakresie od 0 do 2,7. W składzie granulometrycznym domi¬nowała frakcja piasku. Gęstość fazy stałej gleby oscylowała w przedziale od 2,32 do 2,76 g • cm-3, gęstość gleby suchej w przedziale od 0,66 do 1,79 g • cm-3, porowatość całkowita od 32,8 do 72,4%. Wartość potencjalnej retencji użytecznej wyniosła od 4,3 do 54,3 %v/v, natomiast efektywna reten¬cja użyteczna wahała się w przedziale od 2,4 do 8,4 %v/v.
This paper describes the fractional composition of humus substances and the physico-chemical and sorptive properties of Mollic Umbrisols Arenic, Mollic Gleysols Arenic and Phaeozems Arenic of the Milicz-Głogów Depression. The following analyses were performed on collected soils samples: granulometric composition, pH in 1mol KCl dm⁻³, hydrolytic acidity (Hh), TOC, Nt, CaCO₃, content of exchangeable cations of alkaline character (Ca⁺², Mg⁺², K⁺ , Na⁺ ) and fractional composition of humus compounds using the Tiurin method. Loamy sand and sand dominate in granulometric composition. Reactions of the soils analyzed ranged from light acidic to alkaline. TOC and Nt content was highly differentiated, and values for the TOC/Nt ratio ranged from 7.9 to 26.9. Alkaline cations dominated in the sorptive complex. Base cations (S) were noted in the range 2.2 – 68.8 cmol(+) kg⁻¹, cation exchange capacity (CECt) in the range 2.8 to 69.4 cmol(+) kg⁻¹ and base saturation (BS) was high, i.e. between 69.8 and 99.4%. In terms of the content of the fractional composition of the analyzed soils, a non-significant part was represented by the fraction Ia (fulvic fraction) which was in the range from 2.8 to 6.2% of TOC. Within humus matter, fraction I dominated (humic compounds bound with calcium and mobile forms of R2O₃) (33.2 – 61.2% of TOC) and within it humic acid. The ratio of CHA:CFA reached the value of 1.1 – 4.2. CHA-Ca (humic acids bonded with Ca) share was placed in the range of 44.1 – 82.8% CHA, while Cpp (post-extraction residue) was in the range of 21.1 – 54.5% TOC.
The morphology and properties of the post−arable soils that influence the trophic status of forest habitats on the Barycz river terraces (south−western Poland) were analyzed. The fieldwork included the characterization of the soil, tree layer, and the vegetation of the forest floor, as required for the forest habitat evaluation. In the collected soil samples, a set of physico−chemical analysis was carried out, that included: soil texture, bulk density, pH in KCl and water, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, hydrolytic acidity, base cations, and the content of plant−available phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium. Sandy post−arable soils in the Barycz valley have a thick, double− or triple−layered ploughed humus horizon, and the high stock of humified organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus, that emphasizes anthropogenic transformation of soils and differentiates them from the natural soils of river valleys. The diagnosis based on the soil trophic index (SIG) indicates generally lower trophic status (mesotrophic) as compared to the diagnoses based on forest floor vegetation and tree−stand (eutrophic status). The SIG model for the post−agrar moist valley habitats should be supplemented with the factors, which improve the apparent trophic status of sandy soils, including the thick humus horizon (post−ploughing) and shallow table of eutrophic ground water.
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