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Bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD) is a well characterised lethal autosomal recessive disease that occurs in Holstein cattle. The discovery of this genetic disorder in 1990 by KEHRLI et al. was serendipitous and occurred in conjunction with studies of new methods to prevent mastitis in periparturient dairy cows ( KEHRLI et al. 1992a). In this review article we are attempting to summarise the last 6-year research (1990-1995) covering major aspects of BLAD syndrome, its worldwide prevalence with emphasize on current and future development on BLAD research.
A relation was studied between body weight measured at the age of 3, 6 and 12 months in Polish Holstein-Friesian (HF) heifers (n=111) and young bulls (n=87) and C/T polymorphism within intron IV of bovine osteopontin encoding gene (SPP1). Three half-sib (HS) families were considered, each sired by heterozygous C/T sire. Significant association was found of SPP1 C>T SNP with body Wright in all the analysed HS progeny groups of young heifers and bulls. Within young bulls the differences were identified (P≤0.05) in body weight between the SPP1 genotypes (8514C/C, 8514C/T, 8514T/T) in month 3, 6 and 12 of age. Within heifers, however, the differences (P≤0.05) were found in the progeny groups aged 6 and 12 months. Moreover, when data from bulls and heifers were pooled (n=198) the highly significant effect (P≤0.01) of SPP1 genotype on body weight was observed at the age of 6 and 12 months.
In this study the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique, based on the analysis of genomic restriction fragments by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications, was utilized to identify genomic markers associated with differences in the freezability of boar semen. Collected from seven Polish Large White boars, semen was cooled in a lactose-lipoprotein fractions-glycerol extender (lac-LPFo-G), packaged into aluminum tubes and frozen using a programmable computer freezer. The DNA, isolated from each boar, was screened for AFLP markers using different primer pair combinations for selective amplifications. Sperm samples prior to and after freezing-thawing were analyzed for motility, mitochondrial function (Rhodamine 123), plasma membrane integrity (SYBR-14 positive) and DNA integrity using the single cell gel electrophoresis (neutral Comet assay). The authors’ preliminary findings have indicated that there were consistent inter-boar variations in terms of post-thaw sperm characteristics. Distinct differences in AFLP DNA patterns in each boar were detected using different primer combinations. Furthermore, amplified DNA fragments, with similar base pairs, were detected only in the DNA profile of boars with good semen freezability. The AFLP technique can be used to select reproductive boars that produce semen with good quality characteristics for freezing-thawing procedure.
According to the FAO database [2002], approximately 40% (94 million metric tons) of the red meat consumed annually worldwide is pork. Pork consumption has been increasing consistently with the increase of world population. In the past decade, modern research achievements towards genetic improvement of economic traits, like growth rate, based on studies of myogenesis and metabolomics of adipose tissue, have had a major impact on improving the carcass composition, meat quality and efficiency of the pork production (in swine industry). These technologies based on research in functional genomics, have a significant potential, but considerable research effort will be required before they can effectively be utilized in pig production. Knowledge about the sequence of the pig genome would help to identify new candidate genes and unique regulatory elements. This great promise provides new information about regulation of expression of such genes that can be used to enhance efficiency of pork production in the future. The aim of this study was to assess a comprehensive overview on functional candidate genes related especially to myogenesis, for examples: growth hormone (GH), growth hormone receptors (GHR), growth hormone realizing hormone (GHRH), growth hormone realizing hormone receptors (GHRHR), insulin like growth factors and their receptors (IGF, IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-IR), pituitary-specific transcription factor 1 (PIT-1 renamed as POU1F1), leptin (LEP), leptin receptors (LEPR), myogenic regulatory factors gene family (MRF), the protein kinase adenosine monophosphate-activated γ3-subunit (PRKAG3) and the melanocortin receptor gene family (MCR), for body growth rate and carcass composition traits towards their functional role for the genetic improvement of meat quality and efficiency of the pork production.
Recent achievements in specificity of lysozyme gene organization and expression made it possible to consider lysozyme as a candidate gene for natural resistance in cattle. In our research affort on more than 10 000 animals reared in large herds were examined. Obtained results were the background for determining genetic basis of lysozyme activity differentiation. The aim of present investigation was to trace out high lysozyme activity (LZM+) animals. This was achieved by pre-se!ecting animals on the basis of quantitative analysis of lysozyme activity measurements and verifi­cation by single gene allelic segregation. Generally, a very low frequency of LZM+ carriers were identified in a random sampling population. However two sires and some dams were recognized as LZM+ heterozygote. Independent to sex, age and other conditions, the progeny groups alternatively inherited very high or normal lysozyme activity were stated. The obtained results were applied in the experimental breeding program to gain information on the relationship between lysozyme polymorphism and natural resistance specificity in cattle.
Expression patterns of candidate genes with important functions in animal metabolism can help to identify potential molecular markers for cattle production traits. Reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction is a method for rapid and accurate mRNA quantification. However, for exact comparison of mRNA quantity in various samples or tissues, it is important to choose appropriate reference genes. In cattle, little information is available on the expression stability of housekeeping genes (HKGs). The aim of the present study is to develop a set of reference genes that can be used for normalization of concentrations of mRNAs of genes expressed in the bovine liver, kidney, pituitary and thyroid. The study was performed on 6-, 9-, and 12-month-old bulls of dairy and meat cattle breeds. Six HKGs were investigated: ACTB, GAPDH, HPRTI, SDHA, TBP, and YWHAZ. The most stably expressed potential reference HKGs differed among tissues/organs examined: ACTB, TBP, YWHAZ, GAPDH, HPRTI, and SDHA in the liver; GAPDH and YWHAZ in the kidney; GAPDH and SDHA in the pituitary; and TBP and HPRTI in the thyroid. The results showed that the use of a single gene for normalization may lead to relatively large errors, so it is important to use multiple control genes based on a survey of potential reference genes applied to representative samples from specific experimental conditions.
The diacylglycerol o-acyltransferase 1 gene (OGAT1) was investigated in Polish Black-and-White cattle. The frequency of the K allele was 0.60, 0.68 and 0.48 for AI sires (n = 150), young bulls (n = 139) and cows (n = 213), respectively. The method of selective genotyping for identification of the quantitative trait nucleotide was verified through identification of DGAT1 effect on milk production traits. Daughters of six heterozygous bulls were selectively genotyped based on their milk traits. The genotypic frequencies differed between high and low yield groups representing milk and fat contents. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed a highly significant effect of DGAT1 K232A in cows with extremely low fat content and a significant effect in cows with extremely high protein content of milk. No significant effect of AI sires’ genotypes on their breeding value was found.
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) has become an indispensable technique for accurate determination of gene expression in variety of samples. Accurate and reliable quantification, however, depends on a proper normalization strategy. Normalization with multiple uniformly expressed reference genes is becoming the standard, although the most suitable reference genes dependent on the used experimental factors as well as the tissue or cell type studied. In this study, the stability of various reference genes was investigated in porcine hepatic tissue. The study was conducted on Polish Large White, Polish Landrace, Pietrain, Pulawska and Duroc pigs slaghtered at different ages. Nine reference genes (ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, HPRT1, RPL13A, SDHA, TBP, TOP2B and YWHAZ) were investigated on 180 mRNA samples of porcine hepatic tissue. Based on geNorm and NormFinder analysis, three most stable (HPRT1, TOP2B and TBP) and three moderately (GAPDH, ACTB and SDHA) stable reference genes were identified. The study provides a new panel of reference genes for normalization of the expression of a gene of interest in porcine liver tissue. It is concluded that the use of a single gene for normalization may lead to relatively large errors, so it is important to use multiple control genes based on a survey of potential reference genes applied to gene expression profiling studies of candidate genes for economic traits in pigs.
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