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The aim of the article is to present forms of cooperation between local authorities and non-governmental organisations, taking into consideration the model of cooperation between public administration and NGOs and legal aspects.The research part of the article is based on the secondary data from “Barometr Współpracy 2009” (Cooperation Barometer 2009) report and the research results from the authors’ analysis of the selected examples of good practices of cooperation undertaken by the units of territorial self-government in the Lublin Province. The forms of cooperation and the amount of public funds devoted to the activities of the non-governmental organisations have been analysed. Moreover, the examples of cooperation realized by self-governments in the Lublin Province have been provided. The present analysis has demonstrated that the development of cross-sectoral cooperation requires more commitment from its partners. The parties should adjust the model solutions to existing possibilities and local resources. The creation of an appropriate model of cooperation between local authorities and nongovernmental organisations is a positive example of creativity, activity and development of both types of sectors, which will unquestionably be appreciated by local communities.
The prebiotic inulin is a non-digestible carbohydrate which occurs naturally throughout the normal human diet. Following passage through the gastro-intestinal tract inulin ultimately becomes metabolised to fructose by colonic bacteria, especially the beneficial species, whose growth are also promoted at the expense of the harmful types. There has been much recent attention by industry and the general public in the EU concerning inulin and prebiotics, especially in the marketing of their derived/supplemented products that includes the Central & East European region, (CEE) [Halliday, 2008]. Major benefits to human health have been reported variously worldwide and chiefly consist of maintaining healthy microbial gut homeostasis, reducing gut inflammation and infection, preventing colonic cancer, increasing mineral reabsorption, decreasing cholesterol, improving bowel habits, being of use in diabetic treatments and enhancing immune function. Inulin can thus be of great potential benefit to public health not just through these physiological effects but also in helping to reduce weight by replacing fat and digestible carbohydrate in food products. It is also important however to recognise the likely hazards of inulin arising mainly from fructose intolerance and rare cases of allergy. In addition under certain medical conditions it is possible that the growth of other harmful gut bacterial species may become stimulated with a potential but as yet unproven link to autoimmune disease. This article aims to review and discuss the scientific evidence as well as addressing general concerns raised by consumers and the general public alike. Recommendations based on current knowledge are suggested at the end.
Summaries in 2 parts are presented from a conference held in London at the Royal Society for Public Health on 16-17 May 2012, on the latest developments in dealing with waterborne hospital-acquired infections (nosocomial), from the UK perspective. Also included were some views from continental Europe. The first part, focuses on management strategies and plans that are either in use or recommended by domestic/international guidelines, such as the WHO, for prevention, control and risk assessment of disease outbreaks resulting from the presence of these pathogenic microorganisms in water appliances/supplies. Various solutions are discussed, some more effective than others, but all require a comprehensive strategy and technical expertise run by properly trained and dedicated professionals.
Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are the most virulent diarrhoeagenic E. coli known to date. They can spread with alarming ease via the food chain, as recently demonstrated by the large outbreak of STEC O104:H4 borne by sprouted seeds in 2011, clustered in northern Germany, and subsequently affecting other countries. Indeed, a significant number of infections to verocytotoxin producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 have been reported from the WHO European Region resulting in many cases of bloody diarrhoea and haemolytic uraemic syndrome in Germany, 15 other European countries and North America. Eventually, the European Food Standards Agency, (EFSA), identified the likely source to a single consignment of fenugreek seeds from an Egyptian exporter as being linked to the two outbreaks in Germany and France. The situation was closely monitored by the Chief Sanitary Inspectorate public health authority in Poland where actions undertaken ensured that the public was well informed about the dangers of STEC contamination of food, how to avoid infection, and what to do if infected. Tracing the fenugreek distributors also enabled the identification of suspected batches and their isolation. As a result, there were very few reported cases of STEC infection in Poland. Effective control over such outbreaks is therefore a vital public health task. This should include early detection and rapid identification of the contagion mode, followed by removing the foodstuff(s) from the market, providing consumer advice, and preventing secondary spreading. As a mitigation measure, screening/monitoring those involved in food handling is also warranted to exclude carriers who can be asymptomatic.
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