Diabetes mellitus is associated with oxidative stress, evidence of inflammatory markers and other mechanisms, which may contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis. This study was designed to find the effect of the consumption of whole grains, cereals and dried legumes used in different forms on the levels of blood glucose, serum lipid profiles, antioxidant enzymes activity, C-reactive protein (CRP) and microalbuminuria. Eighty-four type 2 diabetic patients participated in this study. They were divided into eight groups; for one week each of the groups consumed different forms of the tested food, which is intended to function as a beneficial adjunct in the nutritional setting of the patients. Certain food items, which replaced equivalent amount of breakfast carbohydrate, were used as food supplements, namely: unsweetened boiled whole wheat (Belila 1), unsweetened boiled partial decorticated wheat (Belila 2), germinated fenugreek seeds, grinded fenugreek seeds, soaked boiled edible lupine, roasted chickpea. Group 7 and group 8 consumed also a defined amount of biscuits made from whole wheat flour and either grinded fenugreek or chickpea. Weight, height and waist circumference of the subjects were recorded, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), triglyceride levels were determined. Lipid peroxide (oxidative LDL-C), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase enzyme (GPx) activity, CRP and urinary microalbumin levels were measured as well. After intervention diabetic patients showed different percent decreases in the mean levels of the fasting and postprandial glucose, within a range of -1.97 to 20.8 and -10.23 to 35.22, respectively. A significant difference at p<0.05 and p<0.01 was detected between group 2 and 8. Mean levels of TC and LDL-C decreased significantly among patients of group 2 only at p<0.01. VLDL-C and triglyceride levels decreased in all groups with different percent, a significant difference at p<0.05 p<0.01 was found also among group 2 and 8. HDL-C increased within a range of 0.76–24.58%, and a significant difference at 0.05 was detected in group 6 and 7. Lipid peroxide level decreased among the first seven groups and significantly among group 8. GPx activity showed higher improvement compared to SOD activity, five groups showed a significant difference in the SOD activity after the end of the intervention period at p<0.05–0.01. CRP and microalbuminuria improved in all groups, the greater decrease was –56.06% and -52.54% in group 1 and group 7, respectively. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that daily consumption of whole grains, cereals and legumes by the diabetic patients had a beneficial effect on improving the glycemic control that is showed by decreasing their fasting and postprandial blood glucose, also in decreasing serum lipids markers. Positive findings were also detected as regards their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which could alleviate some complications such as microalbuminuria.
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