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Results of qualitative and quantitative studies on microflora of low-salt herring slices supplemented with 0%, 0.2% and 0.3% of sodium benzoate (E-211) are presented. Herring slices were subjected to low salting with addition of 0%, 0.2% and 0.3% of sodium benzoate according to a recipe provided by a local manufacturer. It was observed that sodium benzoate reduced diversity of bacteria and yeasts in a tested product and exerted no influence on the total number of bacteria and yeasts. It gave the evidence that an empty ecological niche was created after elimination of some species by the preservative and remainders substituted them. As a result no reduction of the total number of micro-organisms was observed and a shelf life of the product was not prolonged. Our results proved that sodium benzoate is the ineffective preservative for low-salt herring production.
Results of various culture conditions on adhesion of Listeria monocytogenes strains to hexadecane are presented. Listeria strains cultured in optimal conditions adhered to this hydrophobic carbohydrate to a small extent. It reveals that their cell walls have hydrophilic properties. Application of low-nutrient medium, incubation at low temperature, acidification of medium to pH 5 and addition of 8% of NaCl caused transformation of strains into hydrophobic. Growing in vacuum conditions produced the opposite effect – all strains were extremely hydrophilic. Changes of strain properties from hydrophilic into hydrophobic affected analysed strains to a different degree. One of tested strains continued to be hydrophilic regardless of culture conditions. The other – a standard strain isolated from patient – became hydrophobic most frequently.
The effect of physicochemical factors: temperature (20°C, 60°C, 100°C, 121.1°C), pH (2-9), inorganic and organic components, i.e. sodium chloride (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%), carbohydrates: glucose and starch (10%, 20%, 40%), proteins: casein (2.5%, 5%, 10%) and their combinations (e.g. prolonged incubation time at low pH) on in vitro detection of specific fragment of L. monocytogenes iap gene (453 bp) carried out using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were examined. The possibility of detection of the iap gene during apple and tomato processing as well as in their processed products was also tested. Results showed that two factors hindering detection of the iap gene were casein at all concentrations and processing applied to apples (initial pH 2.5-3.0) and tomatoes (initial pH 4.0-4.5) as well as prolonged incubation in low pH at 60°C.
The effect of various concentrations of salt (0%, 0.7%, 1.5% and 3.6% of sodium chloride) on enzymatic activity of C. famata, C. lipolytica, C. colliculosa, C. holmi and C. albicans isolated from the Szczecin Lagoon was tested. The activity revealed low enzymatic activity of Candida isolated deceasing with the rise in concentration of NaCl in the medium. C. colliculosa expressed the lowest hydrolytic activity regardless of the salt concentration in the medium. The highest enzymatic activity at 0% of NaCl was demonstrated by C. lipolytica (15.16 nmol) and C. albicans (14.79 nmol).
Results of qualitative and quantitative analyses of microflora of traditionally and vacuum-packed herring a`la Matias are presented. Forty fillet samples of one producer were bought in randomly chosen local shops and tested. It was stated that their microflora depended on sort of packaging. Gram-positive rods: Brevibacterium spp., Gram-negative rods: Pseudomonas spp., and Gram-positive cocci: Micrococcus spp. were dominant in vacuum-packed samples. Microflora of products in traditional packaging was much more varied. Yeast analysis also showed greater diversity within samples packaged in traditional way as they contained Saccharomyces spp., Zygosaccharomyces spp. and Candida spp. Only Candida spp. was found in vacuum-packed samples.
Two advanced methods for identification of Listeria monocytogenes strains: a commercial miniaturised biochemical test - API®LISTERIA (bioMérieux) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) adapted to the in vitro amplification of the iap gene fragment (453 bp), were used in comparative studies. A total of 63 strains suspected, based on morphological criteria, to belong to L. monocytogenes species were subjected to both identification procedures, with 58 strains (92.1 %) being of the river water, fish, fish products, ingredients used in fish production and the fish-processing environment origin. Comparison of the results showed that 87.3% strains were recognised as L. monocytogenes with both tests and expressed haemolytic activity. The PCR enabled to classify 3 strains of uncertain biochemical identification. Two non-haemolytic strains were confirmed to be L. monocytogenes with both tests. In the case of the third non-haemolytic isolate, the results of both tests were contradictory. None of the analysed strains remained unidentified. Simultaneous application of both identification methods proved to be particularly useful in microbiological diagnosis of food.
An overall number of sixty samples of treated and untreated sewage was tested in our studies. The samples represented both municipal and industrial sewage (30 samples each type) and were collected respectively at the point of sewage discharge to a river, and at a poultry processing plant, namely from a secondary settler and an aeration chamber, as well as at the discharge of the treated sewage to the environment. Industrial sewage was tested with both chemically treated and untreated samples. The samples were analysed microbiologically for the presence of Listeria sp with a modified MPN method using membrane filtration, fecal coliforms by means of MPN method based on the PN-77 C-04615 standard, including the ISO 7251:1993 standard, and tested for the total microbial count on agar plates at 20°C.
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