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The purpose of the research was to determine the impact of selected sociological factors related to the readiness for hypothetical financing the most important public functions of forest and forest management (WTP, willingness to pay). In direct surveys carried out in August 2008 by the nationwide research center on representative random sample of 500 residents of Warsaw we used the contingent valuation method (CVM) format of questions with a debit card. The result of determining the values of forest and forest management public benefits with the CVM method (set of values WTP>0 [PLN/year/household]) was analyzed via logistic regression, in which a dependency between the fact of declaring the value WTP>0 (1 – WTP>0 declaration, 0 – WTP=0 declaration) and the selected groups of explanatory variables was assessed. The division of explanatory variables into groups resulted from the survey structure and content of questions, related to different aspects of leisure related forest management. The significance of variables in analyzed regression models was investigated with the maximum likelihood method using Wald's chi−square statistic for the 3rd type analysis. Wald's confidence intervals were designated for regression coefficients in exponential scale, and in order to facilitate the interpretation of results, odds ratios were determined. The logistic regression was performed in SAS 9.3 program with the LOGISTIC procedure. The probability of WTP>0 declaration increased among respondents, who indicated: a) peace and quiet as elements which decide of tourist attractiveness of forests; b) car parks as missing elements; c) that they do not feel well in forests with unsightly tree stand; and d) that they relax better in forests where there are shelters, benches, and roofings.
Phenotypic variation among 75 genotypes (cultivars and clones) in triticale collection from the Institute of Genetics and Plant Breeding in Lublin was assessed using two multivariate methods of principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (CA). The variation was studied for seven traits. Data were collected in a trial carried out over four years (1996-1999). They were arranged in complete two-way classification genotypes by years. Variance components were estimated for each trait separately using REML method for a random ANOVA model of the two-way classification. Estimates of genotypic values were obtained using the best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP). The highest values of correlation coefficients were obtained between the first principal component (PC), plant height (positive) and the number of grains per spike (negative). The second PC was strongly positively correlated with the number of grains per spike, and 1000-grain weight. All genotypes were grouped into six clusters.
W pracy dokonano podziału genotypów pszenżyta jarego na grupy jednorodne wielocechowo oraz przeprowadzono ocenę podobieństwa tych grup. Materiał badawczy stanowiły odmiany i rody hodowlane zgromadzone w latach 1994-1999 (128 genotypów) oraz 2003-2008 (65 genotypów) w kolekcji Instytutu Genetyki, Hodowli i Biotechnologii Roślin Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublinie. Badania prowadzono w 4-letnim cyklu jednopowtórzeniowych doświadczeń polowych, zatem każdy obiekt był badany co najmniej przez 4 sezony wegetacyjne. Zebrane wyniki stanowiły niekompletną, losową, dwukierunkową klasyfikację krzyżową genotypy x lata odrębną dla obu analizowanych sześcioleci. Analizie poddano 10 cech ilościowych, pod względem których stwierdzono istotną zmienność badanych genotypów: masa ziaren z kłosa, liczba ziaren w kłosie, masa tysiąca ziaren, długość kłosa, liczba kłosków w kłosie, płodność kłoska, zawartość białka w ziarnie, wysokość roślin, liczba dni: wschody - kłoszenie i liczba dni: wschody - dojrzałość. Oceny średnich genotypowych obliczono za pomocą predyktorów BLUP. Dla każdego omawianego okresu zastosowano hierarchiczną analizę skupień metodą Warda na podstawie kwadratów odległości euklidesowych standaryzowanych wartości BLUP. Liczbę grup genotypów podobnych pod względem wszystkich badanych cech określono na podstawie statystyki pseudo t2. Dla wydzielonych grup wykonano analizę zmiennych kanonicznych (CVA), która posłużyła do oceny zróżnicowania grup genotypów w kategoriach odległości Mahalanobisa. Genotypy z lat 1994-1999 podzielono na 6 grup różniących się przede wszystkim wysokością roślin i długością badanych faz fenologicznych. Grupy genotypów z lat 2003-2008 nie były zróżnicowane pod względem wysokości roślin, natomiast różniły się cechami plonu i jego jakości, a także długością kłosa.
W pracy wykonano analizę plonu rodów owsa oplewionego i nieoplewionego. Dane pochodziły z doświadczeń wstępnych przeprowadzonych w 2008 r. Badano 27 rodów owsa oplewionego i 2 wzorce w 6 miejscowościach oraz 12 rodów owsa nieoplewionego i 2 wzorce w 5 miejscowościach. Do analizy plonu wykorzystano metodę graficzną biplot typu GGE (na efekty GGE składają się efekty główne genotypów G oraz efekty interakcji genotypowo środowiskowej GEI). Na podstawie wykresów biplot typu GGE scharakteryzowano genotypy oraz wskazano te o największym efekcie GGE w każdym środowisku. Spośród rodów owsa nieoplewionego we wszystkich badanych miejscowościach najwyżej plonowały i były dobrze adaptowalne: STH6264, CHD1368, a w przypadku owsa oplewionego: CHD1534, STH149, STH6038, STH12, KREZUS, POB3107. Zbadano stabilność genotypów typu dynamicznego tzn. wskazano genotypy, które nie wykazywały interakcji genotypowo środowiskowej GEI. Najbardziej stabilnymi rodami owsa nieoplewionego były: STH6294, CHD1408, CHD1438, CHD2567, CHD1368, a najmniej stabilnymi: STH108 i STH6315. Wśród rodów owsa oplewionego najbardziej stabilnymi były: CHD1156, CHD3833, STH12, CHD1193, zaś najmniej STH132 i POB3672. Określono genotyp idealny. Wśród rodów owsa nieoplewionego idealnym genotypem był STH6264, a w przypadku rodów owsa oplewionego STH12.
The level of damage to the cell membranes is a sign of aging of the seeds and a decrease in their viability. Conductometric seed testing method indirectly utilizes uncontrolled leakage of ions from seeds with damaged cell membranes to assess their viability. This involves the use of an electrical conductivity of the aqueous solution, in which seeds are soaked. The research was conducted in the years 2011−2014 and aimed at developing the methodology of evaluation of Scots pine and Douglas fir seeds by conductivity test. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between electrolyte leakage and germination capacity of Scots pine and Douglas fir seeds. 402 samples of Scots pine seed and 90 specimens of Douglas fir seed from all over Poland were tested. The research material was both freshly harvested and stored. Scots pine seeds were obtained in the years 2008−2014, while Douglas fir – 2003−2013 as well as ones stored in the refrigerator for 15 years. Conductivity test and standard seed germination procedure of the analyzed species were used. For both Scots pine and Douglas fir, we noted that, as the electrolyte leakage rate increased, the germination capacity of the seed decreased. So we decided to test whether the vitality of the seeds was determined by means of a conductivity test. The best−fit regression model was determined and the mean expected germination capacity in the viability classes was calculated. 95% confidence intervals for the regression function were also determined. Evaluation of the viability of the seeds by means of the conductometric method is especially useful for seeds requiring a long stratification period (e.g. Douglas fir to determine the potential loss of their vitality. Although the ISTA seed evaluation rules do not require conductivity test for evaluating the seeds of Scots pine and Douglas fir, it may be applicable in situations where it is necessary to perform a rapid assessment of viability before spring sowing.
This paper reports the construction a map based on Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphic DNA (AFLP) in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The main purpose of map construction was its application to quantitative traits loci (QTL) mapping for breeding traits economically important in Scots pine breeding program such as tree height and diameter at breast height, number of needles and their length, width, and area. Genomic DNA of needles and haploid megagamethophytes from seeds originating from a single tree were amplified with 25 AFLP primer-enzyme combinations with three or four selective nucleotides. Sixteen of them generated easily readable patterns and revealed a polymorphism. Each analyzed marker was tested for the expected 1 : 1 segregation ratio using χ2 – test and only 6 were significant with (α ≤ 0.05). The total map size equaled 291,7 cM and all markers were distributed within one linkage group. For all traits only one QTL associated with tree height (H) was detected.
In the paper a phenotypic variation among 117 genotypes (cultivars and clones) in a strawberry collection from the Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture in Skierniewice was assessed using quantitative genetic parameters and PCA. The variation was studied for nine vegetative, productive and disease susceptibility characters, observed in a rate scale (1 to 9 or 1 to 7) assuming that larger scores show a larger level of the defined characters. Some vegetative characters as well as those describing fruit yielding and susceptibility to the most important strawberry diseases were considered. Data were collected in a trial observed within three years (2001-2003). They were arranged in an incomplete two-way classification genotypes by years. Variance components were estimated for each trait separately using the REML method for a random ANOVA model of a two-way classification. Coefficients of heritability of three-year phenotypic means were estimated on the basis of the variance components. Estimates of genotypic values were obtained using the best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP). To analyze the phenotypic diversity of the germplasm collection principal component analysis was used on the basis of the BLUP’s. The obtained heritability coefficients were quite high (over 0.6) except for fruit taste, leaf spot susceptibility and leaf scorch susceptibility (0.36-0.44). The highest positive values of correlation coefficients between the first principal component (PC) and plant vigour, fruit size and fruit yield were obtained. The second PC was strongly correlated with the leaf scorch susceptibility, and the third PC with the fruit taste.
The study assessed the variability and interrelationships among 7 quantitative traits in a triticale germplasm collection (75 genotypes - cultivars and clones) from the Institute of Genetics, Breeding and Plant Biotechnology University of Agriculture in Lublin. Data came from a trial observed over four years (1996-1999). They were arranged in a complete two-way classification genotypes by years. Variance components were calculated for each character separately. Coefficients of heritability of four-year phenotypic means were done on the basis of the variance components. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) according to the random model was used to obtain the mean square and cross product matrices for genotype and error source of variation. Phenotypic correlations were calculated from variance-covariance matrices for genotypes in MANOVA. Genetic correlations were calculated using variance and covariance components estimated by the least square method. The MANOVA statement of GLM procedure (SAS) and VARCOMP were used for all computings.
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