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Festuca ovina was grown hydroponically on the Hoagland medium supplemented with CdCl2 (10 µg Cd ml⁻¹). Next, the plants were transplanted into pots (100 plants in pots) with uncontaminated soil and incubated under controlled conditions for 12 months. Approximately 420 µg Cd were introduced into 200 g of soil via the plant roots, the released cadmium being distributed between fractions with varying stability and extractability. After 2 months, the pool of Cd exchangeable and bound to Fe and Mn oxides was 16% and 75%, respectively. After the end of the pot cultivation, the content of Cd in these fractions had decreased to 5% and 53%, respectively. In contrast, the percentage of Cd defined as organically bound increased from 6% (after 2 months) to 43% (after 12 months). The residual fraction was 2% of the metal present in the soil and was constant during plant cultivation. The results obtained indicate that the Cd stabilization by roots was dependent on time. Additionally, the distribution of Cd among the tested fractions was seen to have changed during the experiment. The amount of Cd bound to soil organic matter increased, lowering the amount of the bioavailable Cd form and Cd fraction bound to the oxide minerals.
The article presents a selection of statistical research methods that can be applied in comparisons of series of numerical variables that describe selected social phenomena. The presentation of methods is base on the example of analysis of relations between selected socio-economic parameters and the ethnic diversity in Black African countries. On the first stage of analysis the most important features characterising selected phenomena have been chosen. In order to get the quantitative description of the phenomena, for the purpose of their statistical analysis, such measures as the indicator of socio-ethnic coherence and the synthetic human development index were applied. The initial hypothesis have been verified applying the rank differential calculus - groups of countries have been selected according to the grade in which the hypothesis has been verified. Pearson's correlation coefficient has been used to verify the rank method. As each pair of analysed phenomena is complex, many comparisons are possible. Therefore the selection of the most relevant features characterising the studied phenomena and the selection of reliable research methods seems to be the most important elements of analysis.
This study determined total concentrations and operational fractions of Zn, Pb, and Cd from sequential extraction in samples originating from the 0-15 cm upper layer of a 100-year-old calamine waste heap in Bolesław, Poland. Also investigated was the accumulation of the heavy metals in the tissues of Biscutella laevigata plants growing on the heap, and microbial activity (number and enzymatic activities) in the samples. Sequential extractions of heap material indicated that the exchangeable fraction (considered as bioavailable) of all the tested heavy metals was less than 0.5% of their total concentrations. Plant growth was found to have an effect on soil organic matter accumulation, number of fungi, enzymatic activity, and distribution of Zn, Pb, and Cd between operational fractions in the heap material. The number of isolated microorganisms and their enzymatic activities in samples with plant cover were almost the same as or higher than those in non-contaminated soils under vegetation with similar physico-chemical properties, as studied by other authors.
The amounts of cadmium in soil solution are a resultant of its mobilization from the soil solid phase and its immobilization from the soil solution. Microbial soil activity markedly affects both of these processes. Microorganisms influence cadmium mobilization throughout the modification of environmental conditions. This incltldes production of CO₂, organic and inorganic acids, formation of soluble complexes of metal with chelates, which can be microbial metabolites or products of microbial transformation of the soil organic matter. Microbially mediated immobilization of cadmium from the soil solution can involve binding of metal by cell envelopes, its intracellular accumulation, formation of insoluble Cd complexes with extracellular biopolimeres, or precipitation of cation with microbially produced inorganic anions, such as sulphides and phosphates.
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