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The aim of this study was to detect heifers with dystocia using artificial neural networks (ANN). A total of 531 calving records of Holstein-Friesian heifers of Black-and-White strain and 8 diagnostic variables were used. The output variable was the class of calving difficulty: difficult or easy. Perceptrons with one (MLP1) and two (MLP2) hidden layers and radial basis function (RBF) networks were investigated. The root mean square error and the structure of selected ANN (number of neurons in the input, hidden and output layers) were 0.22, 10-4-1; 0.25, 10-17-17-1 and 0.19, 10-25-1 for MLP1, MLP2 and RBF, respectively. The percentage of correctly recognized heifers with difficult and easy calvings and that of correctly diagnosed heifers from both categories for the training and validation sets were approx. 90%. The same values for the test set were 75-83%, 82–88% and 82–86%, respectively. In both cases, no significant differences in these proportions were found. The following variables contributed most to the detection of heifers with dystocia: gestation length, BCS index, CYP19-PvuII and ERα-BglI genotypes and percentage of HF genes in heifer’s genotype.
In the present study, the detection of difficult conceptions in dairy cows using selected data mining methods – na ve Bayes classifier (NBC) and regression and classifications trees (CART) is presented. The set of 11 diagnostic variables was used, which included, among others, number of lactation, artificial insemination (AI) season, age of inseminated cow, proportion of HF-genes in cow genotype, sex of calf from preceding calving, length of pregnancy, milk, protein and fat yield. Two conception classes were distinguished: the GOOD class, if a cow conceived after one or two AIs and the “POOR” class, if more than two AIs per conception were required. The models were characterized by capability of predicting the membership of conceptions to either class. Correctness of predictions was 83%. CART proved to be more precise in detecting conceptions of the POOR class (sensitivity) compared with predictions by NBC (P≤0.01). Specificity was similar for both classifiers (90% and 93%). Among the variables determining conception class, calving-to-conception interval, calving interval and the difference between the mean body condition and condition at AI were the most significant variables for CART. Utilization of these classifiers, particularly of CART, may help a breeder to appropriately prepare cows for AI, thus contributing to the improved financial results of a herd.
The molecular background of hereditary nephropathies in English Cocker Spaniels and Springer Spaniels remained unclear until the beginning of the 21st century. It was only the discovery of an association between these diseases and Alport syndrome in humans that made it possible to identify the genes potentially responsible for nephropathies in dogs. Eventually, two mutations were identified in the COL4A4 gene coding for the alpha chains of collagen IV, the main component of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). This review presents the molecular mechanism resulting from the aforementioned mutations, the signs of disease, functions of the GBM, and breeding aspects.
Revisions and redescriptions of species and higher taxa have been known in parasitology since the first description of a parasite. Usually, they are based on standard morphometric methods or more modern genetic analysis. The former are not always sufficiently reliable, while the latter often require expensive equipment, pre-defined genetic markers, and appropriately prepared research material. They may be replaced by multivariate statistical methods, in particular discriminant analysis and cluster analysis, and Kohonen artificial neural networks included in data mining. This paper presents the examples of specific applications of these methods for the verification of the affinity of nematodes. The discriminant analysis showed that it was possible to statistically significantly discriminate individual nematode species, both for males and females, based on morphometric variables. This confirmed the previously assumed division of the species complex Amidostomum acutum into three distinct species. Similarly, hierarchical cluster analysis, used for the determination of coherent groups of nematode parasites, allowed the identification of relatively homogeneous clusters of nematode species depending on their circle of hosts, and groups of hosts.
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